Primary systemic therapy is not only used in patients with locally advanced inoperable non-metastatic breast cancer but also for operable stage II and III cancer aimed at breast conservation. The indications for local-regional radiotherapy for patients who receive primary systemic therapy are still evolving. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive discussion of how primary sys...

Patients with isolated locoregional breast cancer recurrences should be treated with curative intent. Mastectomy is regarded as the standard of care for patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. In a selected group of patients, partial breast irradiation after second breast-conserving surgery is a viable alternative to mastectomy. If a second breast conservation is performed, additiona...

Even in elderly patients, greater consideration is now being given to tumor volume reduction in locally advanced breast cancer, with increased subsequent breast-conserving surgery. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy offers the possibility of testing therapeutic efficacy in vivo, which is of great importance for optimal adjuvant treatment. Resulting therapy modifications can be expected to increase d...

This issue includes information from the innovative research ongoing in breast cancer to increase our efficacy and therapeutic choices to adequately treat breast cancers with breast conservation. First a couple of articles address the biologic issues that form the basis of current therapies and how these may be improved with new biologic understandings. We are beginning to recognize that the br...

background: vaccination is one of the most common painful procedures in infants. the irreversible consequences due to pain experiences in infants are enormous. breast feeding and massage therapy methods are the non-drug methods of pain relief. therefore, this research aimed to compare the vaccination-related pain in infants who underwent massage therapy or breast feeding during injection. mater...

objectives: the aim of present study was examining the effectiveness of group metacognition treatment on metacognition beliefs in women with breast cancer. method: in a quasi-experimental design, with pre-test and post-test and control group, 24 patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer, among patients who referred to the division of oncology and  radiotherapy of  imam hossein hospital  in teh...