in this research, some of the echo-physiological characteristics of pistachio trees were studied to understand crop response to drought stress and determine the best irrigation interval. this experiment was carried out in an orchard with a sandy loam textured soil and a commercial cultivar of pistachio named ouhadi grafted on pistacia vera l. rootstock for three years. the irrigation system sel...

Our bodies are mostly water, and this water is constantly being lost through evaporative and other means. Thus the evolution of robust mechanisms for finding and consuming water has been critical for the survival of most animals. In this Primer, we discuss how the brain monitors the water content of the body and then transforms that physical information into the motivation to drink.

AIM To investigate the variation and significance of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain tissue after secondary brain injury (SBI) with seawater immersion in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomly divided 163 male Sprague Dawley rats into 4 groups, as normal (Group A), SBI (Group B), SBI with physiological saline immersion (Group C) and SBI with seawater immersion (G...

Evidence has demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis; therefore, MMP inhibitors may be a neuroprotective treatment for brain injury caused by meningitis because of their antiinflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the MMP inhibitor GM6001 in a rat model of S. pneumoniae meningitis. For t...

Background. Volatile anesthetics reduce neuronal excitation and cerebral metabolism but can also increase intracellular water accumulation in normal and injured brains. While attenuation of neuronal excitation and glutamate release are beneficial under pathological conditions, any increase in edema formation should be avoided. In the present study we investigated duration-dependent effects of t...

Decompressive craniectomy is one therapeutic option for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and it has long been used for the treatment of patients with malignant post-traumatic brain edema. A lack of definitive evidence, however, prevents physicians from drawing any conclusions about the effects of decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of TBI. Therefore, the aim of the present study was...

AIM To study the protective effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) antibody on pancreatic encephalopathy in rats. METHODS One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, acute necrotizing pancreatitis group and TNFalpha antibody treated group. Acute hemorrhage necrotizing pancreatitis model in rats was induced by retrograde injection of 50 g/L sodium...

abstract- to investigate the effect of draught stress on water relations, stomatal density, chlorophyll content and yield of rapeseed, an experiment was done with four levels of drought stress including l1 (field capacity, fc), l2 (70% available water content, awc), l3 (50% awc), and l4 (30% awc), within three growth stages- including stem elongation (t1), onset of flowering (t2) and silique fo...

Introduction: This study investigates the relationship between the mechanism of traumatic brain injury and free radicals, and the influence of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone, on experimental brain injury. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with 1–2% halothane in a mixture of 50% oxygen and 50% air. Brain injury was produced using a controlled cortical impact in...