We sequenced the 2 botulinum toxin gene clusters of Clostridium botulinum strain IBCA10-7060 type Bh. The sequence of bont/H differed substantially from the sequences of the 7 known bont genes for toxin types A-G. The 5' one-third terminus of bont/H that codes for the botulinum toxin light chain differed markedly from the light chain coding sequences of toxin types A-G. The 3' two-thirds termin...

Introduction and aim of the study: Botulinum toxin, produced by anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum family, is one most potent organic compounds known to man. Despite its toxicity, it has found widespread use in medicine. From applications aesthetic medicine, through treatment various disease entities, toxin become an extremely valuable tool hands doctors. The this study review latest rese...

PURPOSE To report the development of optic neuropathy after botulinum A toxin injection for restrictive myopathy from thyroid-related orbitopathy (TRO). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of three patients with TRO who underwent botulinum A toxin injection for restrictive myopathy and subsequently developed optic neuropathy. Development of optic neuropathy was measured by visual ...

Chronic migraine is an important cause of functional disability and quality life deficits, affecting 12% the world population. Therefore, more treatment alternatives that promote better pain control are needed. So, botulinum toxin type A presents itself as a therapeutic option for this purpose. This integrative review aimed to analyze functionality PREEMPT protocol applied chronic migraine, ana...

4-Aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine were evaluated for their abilities to delay the onset of paralysis due to botulinum neurotoxin types A, B, and E. Experiments were done on phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations excised from mice. At a concentration that produced an enhancement in muscle twitch amplitude, 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine delayed the onset of paralysis due to botu...

background: spasticity is one of the problems after a stroke. due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted with problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of the simultaneous use of both splint and botulinum toxin-a (btx-a) injection on spasticity, ...

background: spasticity is one of the problems after a stroke. due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted with problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of the simultaneous use of both splint and botulinum toxin-a (btx-a) injection on spasticity, ...

The key points to remember about abobotulinumtoxinA are as follows: BoNTA-ABO (abobotulinumtoxinA [Dysport]; Medicis Aesthetics, Scottsdale, AZ) and BoNTA-ONA (onabotulinumtoxin A [Botox Cosmetic]; Allergan, Irvine, CA) are both derivatives of botulinum toxin A produced from different strains of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum through proprietary manufacturing processes, and both are approv...

UNLABELLED Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) may have an intrinsic muscle spasm component. AIM Since botulinum toxin has been successfully used to reduce hypertonicity in several neurological disorders, we analyzed the efficacy of botulinum toxin A or B in reducing pain in MPS. METHODS We performed a systematic review through an electronic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Plus. ...

PURPOSE To examine force generation and duration of effect of botulinum toxin pretreatment, followed by injection of ricin-mAb35 in extraocular muscle. METHODS In normal adult rabbits, one superior rectus muscle was injected with either 5 units botulinum toxin or 1/50 maximally tolerated dose for rats (rMTD) of ricin-mAb35. Additional rabbits were first injected with 5 units botulinum toxin, ...