abrin known as ribosome inactivating protein’s (rip) it is a high cytotoxic plant protein. high lethality and low cost and easy access to plant and seeds lead to this toxin used in crimes and terrorist acts. because obtaining purified toxins requires advanced laboratory equipment and complex procedures, so, it appears that the perpetrators of such crimes use crude extracts. as a result, remaini...

Microbial toxins are important factors that contribute to human diseases and food losses. Predicting the production of these before they occur is a significant challenge. In this study, we innovatively developed strategy called targeted acquisition toxin-related immunogen (TATRI) identify early diagnostic biomarkers for microbial toxins. Taking Aspergillus flavus as an example, employed immunoa...

The repeating sequences of the toxin A gene from toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive (toxin A-, toxin B+) strains of Clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in Japan and Indonesia were determined. All six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin A gene. A PCR method was designed to...

Abstract Trichothecenes are among the most important fusariotoxins. According to their chemical structure, they divided into 4 groups (A – D). In terms of agriculture, trichothecenes A and B greatest importance. this study, incidence (deoxynivalenol T-2 toxin) in mixed feed for broilers turkeys were determined. Deoxynivalenol was detected all analysed samples mixture (100 %) at an average conce...

seeds of the castor bean plant ricinuscommunis l (cb) contain ricin toxin (rt), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled a and b. severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. inhalation...

anthrax is one of the important zoonose disease between human and cattle. bacillus anthracis is a gram- positive bacterium which its tripartite protein toxin contains protective antigen (pa), edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf) and a poly d- glutamic acid capsule. a recent resurgence of interest in b.anthracis resulted in improved methods for production, separation and purification of the ...

125I-labelled heat-labile toxin (from Escherichia coli) and 125I-labelled cholera toxin bound to immobilized ganglioside GM1 and Balb/c 3T3 cell membranes with identical specificities, i.e. each toxin inhibited binding of the other. Binding of both toxins to Balb/c 3T3 cell membranes was saturable, with 50% of maximal binding occurring at 0.3 nM for cholera toxin and 1.1 nM for heat-labile toxi...

objective: aflatoxin is important in the food industry, in animal husbandry and the medical area; there are enormous negative economic impacts due to this toxin. numerous studies have researched extracts and plant compounds with the intent to reduce the growth of aflatoxin-producing organisms, inhibit toxin production and suppress the major toxin encoded genes (i.e., aflr) in these organisms. l...

methods campylobacter jejuni atcc 33291 and seven isolates donated from instituto de biotecnologia were used in this study. the presence of cdt genes in c. jejuni strains was determined by pcr. to evaluate the effect of cdt, hela cells were treated with bacterial lysate, and the damage and morphological changes were analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. to eva...