BACKGROUND Enophthalmos may not appear immediately after trauma due to periorbital swelling in a blowout fracture, and preoperative measurements of enophthalmos cannot be used as a reliable guideline. It is important to predict the eventual final extent of enophthalmos in order to determine whether to perform surgery, and there have been several attempts to predict the degree of late enophthalm...

We consider attractors for certain types of random dynamical systems. These are skew-product systems whose base transformations preserve an ergodic invariant measure. We discuss definitions of invariant sets, attractors and invariant measures for deterministic and random dynamical systems. Under assumptions that include, for example, iterated function systems, but that exclude stochastic differ...

We show that loss of synchronization of two identical coupled chaotic class B lasers can occur via a blowout bifurcation. This occurs when a transverse Lyapunov exponent governing the stability of a synchronized subspace passes through zero. A system of two laterally coupled lasers with modulated parameters is investigated numerically in a region of chaotic behavior. A total of five invariant s...

We present the case of an 86-year-old woman who developed a blowout fracture after Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Sixteen months after DSAEK, she suffered a blow to her left eye caused by a fall. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a blowout fracture of the inferior wall of the left orbit with soft tissue prolapsing into the orbit. The patient complai...

Blowout bifurcations are investigated in a symmetrized extension of the replacement method of chaotic synchronization which consists of coupling chaotic systems via mutually shared variables. The coupled systems are partly linear with respect to variables that are not shared, and that form orthogonal invariant manifolds in the composite system. If the coupled systems are identical, marginal (pr...

BACKGROUND Actinomyces is a bacterial rod found in the normal oral flora. It can gain entry to the submucosa via trivial wounds and ultimately lead to slow growing lesions which may mimic cancerous lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We present the case of an elderly, immunosuppressed woman who presented with a herald bleed from a tonsillar lesion. Despite initial operative arrest of the hemorrhage,...

This paper numerically investigates the magnetohydrodynamic equations in three dimensions with periodic boundary conditions in a parameter range where a forced fluid flow is chaotic. It is found that the transition to dynamo action, whereby the magnetic field is sustained by interaction with the forced flow, is a blowout bifurcation. The blowout bifurcation is typified by bursting behavior, or ...

A scenario-specific modeling of oil blowout from the Khark island pipelines in the Persian Gulf has been carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of oil spill on the local coast, seabed and prawns. Also, various scenarios for response actions have been considered. The analyses have been performed by SINTEF Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR), a 3-dimensional model system. At the ...