Thirteen school children aged 12.21 ± 0.98 years carried backpack and one-strap athletic bag during their stair ascent and descent. The load weights of the bags included 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of body weight. A Novel Pedar System was used to record and analyze the insole pressure during stair descending with different loads. The first peak force was 1.59 times the second peak force. A load of 15...

Here we show that novel, energy-recycling stairs reduce the amount of work required for humans to both ascend and descend stairs. Our low-power, interactive, and modular steps can be placed on existing staircases, storing energy during stair descent and returning that energy to the user during stair ascent. Energy is recycled through event-triggered latching and unlatching of passive springs wi...

Cats are obligate carnivores and under most circumstances eat only animal products. Owing to the pseudogenization of one of two subunits of the sweet receptor gene, they are indifferent to sweeteners, presumably having no need to detect plant-based sugars in their diet. Following this reasoning and a recent report of a positive correlation between the proportion of dietary plants and the number...

Stair climbing is one of the most challenging tasks for vehicles, especially when transporting people and heavy loads. Although many solutions have been proposed demonstrated in practice, it necessary to further improve their ability safety. This paper presents a systematic review scientific engineering stair literature, providing brief descriptions mechanism method operation highlighting advan...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinematics in humans during stair climbing and the influence of stair slope variation on gait cycle .The analysis of biomechanical aspect involved in stair ascent and descent can add to our understanding of the diverse and complicated processes involved in human locomotion and also be useful in the design of private and public environments where s...

The aim of the study was to investigate differences in frontal plane knee kinetics, onset timing and duration of the gluteus medius (GMed), adductor longus (AL), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) during stair ambulation between those with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Twenty PFPS patients and twenty healthy participants completed stair ambulation while surface electromyograph...

Humans perceive thousands of compounds as bitter. In sharp contrast, only approximately 25 taste 2 receptors (TAS2R) bitter taste receptors have been identified, raising the question as to how the vast array of bitter compounds can be detected by such a limited number of sensors. To address this issue, we have challenged 25 human taste 2 receptors (hTAS2Rs) with 104 natural or synthetic bitter ...

The western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an endemic herbivore of bitter cherry, Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker) Eaton, but ∼100 years ago established on earlier-fruiting domesticated sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) L. Here, we determined if eclosion times of adult R. indifferens from sweet and bitter cherry differ according to the phenology of...

Morphological studies showed that tree shape in Bitter sweet orange and Yuma citrange was spheroid with spreading growth habit and wide branch angle. Leaves were simple with dark green color, medium size and brevipetiolate in Sour orange while Yuma citrange had trifoliate leaves with medium and green color. Bitter sweet orange had the highest leaf lamina length (10.4 mm) than other rootstocks. ...