In the mid 18th century, Swedish naturalist Carol Linnaeus’s work Systema Naturae introduced the binomial (two-part) system of biological nomenclature, set forth descriptions of some 7700 plant and 4000 animal species, and thereby laid the foundations of modern taxonomy. In the 230 years since them, researchers have cataloged a total of some 1.7 million species of eukaryotes, or organisms whose...

The need for processing biological information is rapidly growing, owing to the masses of new information in digital form being produced at this time. Old methodologies for processing it can no longer keep up with this rate of growth. The methods of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in general and of language processing in particular can offer much towards solving this problem. However, interdiscipl...

Many of the same modeling methods used in natural languages, speci cally Markov models and HMM's, have also been applied to biological sequence analysis. In recent years, natural language models have been improved upon by using maximum entropy methods which allow information based upon the entire history of a sequence to be considered. This is in contrast to the Markov models, whose predictions...

During the 20th century, biology—especially molecular biology—has become a pilot science, so that many disciplines have formulated their theories under models taken from biology. Computer science has become almost a bio-inspired field thanks to the great development of natural computing and DNA computing. From linguistics, interactions with biology have not been frequent during the 20th century...

Biology researchers have a pressing need for data management technologies which will make the storage and retrieval of DNA and protein sequence data accurate and e cient. The volume of data generated by DNA sequencing is already massive and will continue to grow rapidly. Even if the current sequence databases are adequate today, they most assuredly will become inadequate in the future when far ...

diffraction methods for biological macromolecules part a What to say and what to do when mostly your friends love reading? Are you the one that don't have such hobby? So, it's important for you to start having that hobby. You know, reading is not the force. We're sure that reading will lead you to join in better concept of life. Reading will be a positive activity to do every time. And do you k...

Three biological assay procedures for repellents are currently documented in the literature: 1) ASTM E951-94, Laboratory testing of non-commercial repellent formulations on the skin. 2) ASTM E939-94, Field testing topical applications of compounds as repellents for medically important and pest arthropods. 1. Mosquitoes. 3) WHO/CTD/WHOPES/IC/96.1, Report of WHOPES informal consultation on the ev...