out, R will represent an associative ring with center Z(R). As usual the commutator xy−yx will be denoted by [x,y]. We will use basic commutator identities [xy,z] = [x,z]y+x[y,z] and [x,yz]= [x,y]z+y[x,z]. Recall that a ring R is prime if aRb = (0) implies that a = 0 or b = 0, and is semiprime if aRa = (0) implies a = 0. An additive mapping x x∗ on a ring R is called involution in case (xy)∗ = ...

A recent study (1) reports the spatial clustering patterns of the global distribution of human infectious diseases. However, there are some controversial issues that arise from the beta diversity partitioning method used in the paper. To further debate these issues, we follow the same notations in the paper (1) by writing the Sorensen beta diversity index as βsor = ðb+ cÞ=ð2a+ b+ cÞ. Here, a is...

to investigate variation and detect of genomic regions controlling quality and quantity of malt extract in barely, a study was conducted using a set of 72 double haploid barley lines as well as their parents (stepto & morex) at experimental stations of university of mahabad and agricultural research center of mian'doab in rcbd with two replications during cropping season (2011-12). differe...

| To each number > 1 correspond abelian groups in R d , of the form = P d i=1 Z e i , which obey. The set Z of beta-integers is a countable set of numbers : it is precisely the set of real numbers which are polynomial in when they are written in \basis ", and Z = Zwhen 2 N. We prove here a list of arithmetic properties of Z : addition, multiplication, relation with integers, when is a quadratic...

Whittaker (1960, 1972) first proposed the idea that species diversity has spatial components, with alpha diversity estimating diversity within individual stands (or communities) and beta diversity estimating the number of community types in an area (or in Whittaker’s terminology, ‘‘differentiation of communities along gradients’’). These two values combined make up gamma diversity. Beta diversi...

Catecholamine, histamine, and adenosine-mediated accumulations of radioactive cyclic AMP were assessed in adenine-labeled slices from eight rat brain regions. 2-Fluoronorepinephrine, a selective beta-adrenergic agonist, elicited an an accumulation of cyclic AMP in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, superior colliculi, thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla-pons. In cerebral cortex...

Heterosis refers to the phenomenon in which an F1 hybrid exhibits enhanced growth or agronomic performance. However, previous theoretical studies on heterosis have been based on bi-parental segregating populations instead of F1 hybrids. To understand the genetic basis of heterosis, here we used a subset of F1 hybrids, named a partial North Carolina II design, to perform association mapping for ...

Genomics-based prediction of hybrid performance promises to boost selection gain. The main goal of our study was to investigate the relevance of additive, dominance, and epistatic effects for determining hybrid seed yield in a biparental rapeseed population. We re-analyzed 60,000 SNP array and seed yield data points from an immortalized F2 population comprised of 318 hybrids and 180 parental li...

The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in long-term synaptic facilitation was examined in isolated Aplysia ganglia. Treatment with TGF-beta1 induced long-term facilitation (24 and 48 hours), but not short-term (5 to 15 minutes) or intermediate-term (2 to 4 hours) facilitation. The long-term effects of TGF-beta1 were not additive with those of serotonin. Moreover, serotonin-induc...