Peer influence and social interactions can give rise to spillover effects in which the exposure of one individual may affect outcomes of other individuals. Even if the intervention under study occurs at the group or cluster level as in group-randomized trials, spillover effects can occur when the mediator of interest is measured at a lower level than the treatment. Evaluators who choose groups ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention on antibiotic adherence and patient-reported resolution of symptoms. DESIGN A controlled experimental study with systematic assignment to groups. SETTING A pharmacy in Murcia. Participants were patients who came to the pharmacy with a prescription for antibiotics. Intervention provided information on treatment characterist...

OBJECTIVES To assess the knowledge of laypersons about contraceptive methods and to pilot an educational strategy. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey using an anonymous questionnaire followed by an educational intervention. PARTICIPANTS A total of 167 respondents to 400 invitations. METHOD A questionnaire with 10 questions about contraceptive methods was answered before a meeting between laype...

OBJECTIVE to build, validate and assess an educational intervention using the flip chart titled "I Can Breastfeed My Child." METHOD an experimental study using a pretest, intervention and posttest, as well as a control group. A total of 201 women, who had been hospitalized immediately, for at least 6 hours, postpartum. The mothers were allocated to the intervention (100 women) or control grou...

BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of the integration of evidence-based medicine (EBM) into medical curriculum by measuring undergraduate medical students' EBM knowledge, attitudes, personal application, and anticipated future use. METHODS A self-controlled trial was conducted with 251 undergraduate students at a Chinese Military Medical University, using a validated questionnaire regarding th...

PURPOSE One challenge academic health centers face is to advance female faculty to leadership positions and retain them there in numbers equal to men, especially given the equal representation of women and men among graduates of medicine and biological sciences over the last 10 years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the explicit and implicit biases favoring men as leaders, among bot...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The American Board of Family Practice (ABFP) In-training Exam (ITE) is one of the tools used to evaluate both a resident's progress through residency and the program itself. Investigators have examined the ITE's validity and reliability and predictors of resident performance, but no published studies have reported the effects of initiatives to improve residents' perfor...

BACKGROUND Parents' knowledge about immunization is an important predictor factor for their children's immunization status. The aims of this study were to assess parents' knowledge and to evaluate the effect of a short educational intervention on improving parents' knowledge of childhood immunization. METHODS A cross-sectional study using a pre- and post-test intervention survey of a single g...