introduction more than 90% of drinking water in cities around the world and about 40% of the agricultural water supply from groundwater resources.,thus, groundwater quality consideration issue is inevitable . one of the most important parameter which can show the quality of drinking water is nitrate concentration. nitrate enters the groundwater and surface water through the decomposition of hum...

introduction active mending rivers are the most dynamic and sensitive parts of the fluvial landscapes. meandering rivers suffer a large geomorphic changes during the annual flood events. based on large flood evidences, reconstruction of the channel bed migration will be possible, which is use for evaluation of future evaluation and flood risk assessment in the flood plain areas. the morphologic...

We ask whether children conceived during heat waves have better health and educational outcomes later in life. Using Census data from 22 countries, we show that children conceived during heat waves have higher literacy rates, attain more years of schooling, and lower rates of disability than children conceived during periods of normal temperatures. We then explore several channels through which...

We exploit the introduction and removal of a nation-wide bank branch licensing rule which sought to increase and equalize bank branch presence across Indian states to estimate the e¤ect of rural bank openings on poverty. Between 1977 and 1990, to qualify for a license to open a branch in a census location which already had one or more bank branches an Indian bank had to open four branches in lo...

Most studies of family structure and child outcomes conclude that stepchildren fare little better than children in single-parent families, and substantially worse than children in intact families. Is this because adults treat biological children differently from stepchildren, or are stepchildren’s inferior outcomes “explained” by selection into stepfamilies? To address this question we examine ...

Local minimum wage laws are becoming common across U.S. cities, and their effects may be different from the effects of state or nationwide minimum wage policies. This paper studies the effect of changes in the minimum wage on spatial equilibriums in local labor markets. Using residence and workplace data for the United States, I analyze how commuting, residence, and employment locations change ...

The Himalayan yew (Taxus baccata L.) is widely but sparsely distributed along the cool temperate belt between 2600 and 3300 m asl of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), Garhwal Himalaya. Traditionally, the bark of this plant is used for preparing beverages locally called Namkin Chay, medicines and its wood as a timber in various regions of the Himalaya. However, due to its excessive collec...

As one of the primary factors of production, labor is an essential element in every nation’s economy. Investing in human capital is widely viewed as a key to sustaining increases in labor productivity and economic growth. While health is increasingly seen as an important part of human capital, environmental protection, which typically promotes health, has not been viewed through this lens. Inde...