Yeasts are an economically important organism used for ethanol production in the beverage and alternative fuels industries as well as a leavening agent in the baking industry. In addition, pathogenic strains of yeasts are involved in both plant and animal diseases. Concentration and viability determinations are routinely performed for quality control purposes in yeast production, fermentation p...

Many factors can affect wheat gluten properties and functionality. One of the most important, of these factors, is wheat bug damages. Insect injects a salivary proteinase into wheat kernel that results a significant weakening effect on the gluten, in substantial losses in physical quality, dough properties and baking performance. Bread baked with the insect – damaged flour had poor quality and ...