background: the irritant effect of some insecticides can cause a proportion of mosquitoes to leave the sprayed rooms before acquiring a lethal dose, so the repeated contact al sub-lethal dose may lead to extent the resistance. methods: larvae and pupae of culex pipiens complex were collected in mass from open canals of waste water in capital city tehran and reared to obtain the first generation...

toxic effects of malathion and endosulfan to fertile chicken eggs were determined. in-jection of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/egg of malathion into yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation caused mortality of 10.0, 30.0, 83.33 and 93.33% respectively. similar trend was observed with injection of endosulfan doses. malathion and endosulfan at 1.25 mg/egg caused no pronounced ld50 increase in mo...

The biological effects of the bacterial insecticides Bacilod, VectoLex and Spinosad as well as the insect growth regulators (IGRs) Baycidal, Sumilarv and Dudim against mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti have been evaluated. According to LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of larvae), the bioinsecticide Spinosad (0.011 ppm) proved to be the most effective compound, followed by Bacilod (0....

Carbamate insecticides act similarly to the organophosphates in that they inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE) at nerve synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This inhibition is reversible with spontaneous hydrolysis occurring usually within several hours [1] thus, the inhibition of blood AChE is frequently not evident at the laboratory [2]. There are two main pharmacokinetic characterist...

Pesticides have a pervasive presence in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. While pesticides are intended to control fungi, insects, and other pests, their mechanisms of action are often not specific enough to prevent unintended effects, such as on non-target microbial populations. Microorganisms, including algae and cyanobacteria, protozoa, aquatic fungi, and bacteria, form the basis of m...

Malaria is a serious global health problem which is especially devastating to the developing world. Most malaria control programs use insecticides for controlling mosquito populations. Large scale usage of these insecticides exerts massive selection pressure on mosquitoes resulting in insecticide resistant mosquito breeds. Thus, developing alternative strategies are crucial for sustainable mala...

Five insecticides (Bifenthrin, Deltamethrin, Etofenprox, Permethrin and Lamda cyhalothrin) recommended by WHO, at their recommended dose were compared for their efficacy and wash resistance through bioassay against mosquito vectors, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Etofenprox treated nettings exhibited better knockdown and mortality than the other insecticides. The...