OBJECTIVE To establish a detailed technical procedure for studying the anatomical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in cadavers of multiple sclerosis and control subjects, and to present our findings of the normal anatomic venous structures, with reference to previous descriptions from the literature. METHODS This study examined the internal jugular veins (IJVs), the b...

Various anatomic anomalies have been considered the causes of nutcracker syndrome (NCS). Posterior NCS refers to the condition, in which vascular narrowing was secondary to the compression of the retroaortic left renal vein while it is crossing between the aorta and the vertebral column. Here, we report an unusual case of posterior NCS associated with a complicated malformation of the interrupt...

The adult pattern of the azygos vein system of various mammals has received the attention of many early investigators (Eustachius, 1561 ; Bardeleben, 1848 ; Marshall, 1850; and Morrison, 1879). Since there has not almways been agreement among these workers in the patterns described, attempts were made by some of them to try to correlate the patterns on a developmental basis (Barcleleben, 1848 ;...

Injuries to the azygos vein in a blunt chest trauma are uncommon and have previously been described in only 21 cases. The diagnosis is crucially based on massive right haemothorax with signs of shock, hypotension and altered mental status. The severity of the trauma, speed of transport and surgical intervention are often decisive for the survival of the patient. This is confirmed by the three c...

Thrombotic problems are uncommon in childhood, although neonates and infants are more predisposed to presenting them, both due to a deficient inhibition of thrombin activity and a relative inefficacy of thrombolysis. We present the case of a young man with a complete thrombosis of the left renal vein and inferior vena cava in the neonatal period and that was diagnosed with the absence of inferi...