influenza is a contagious viral disease that is seen in avian, human and other mammals, so its control is important. vaccination against influenza virus subtype h9n2 is one of the ways in controlling program, for this reason several vaccines has been produced. recently, application of inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines in poultry for controlling low pathogenic avian influenza is increasing. at p...

We recently identified and characterized a novel virus, designated avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV), from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HS syndrome) in the United States. Avian HEV is genetically related to but distinct from human and swine HEVs. To determine the extent of genetic variation and the seroprevalence of avian HEV infection in chicken flocks, we genetically ident...

Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been identified in chickens; however, only 4 complete or near-complete genomic sequences have been reported. We found that the near-complete genomic sequence of avian HEV in chickens from China shared the highest identity (98.3%) with avian HEV from Europe and belonged to avian HEV genotype 3.

Avian influenza viruses may cause mild or severe disease in birds. There have been five recorded outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in birds in Australia, all of which were caused by the H7 subtype. These were quickly controlled and similar coordinated responses are expected for possible future outbreaks of avian influenza. Migratory birds are not regarded as the source of these out...

Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is genetically and antigenically related to human HEV. Vertical transmission of HEV has been reported in humans, but not in other animals. In this study, we showed that avian HEV could be detected in chicken egg-white samples. Subsequently, avian HEV in egg white was found to be infectious, as evidenced by the appearance of viraemia, faecal virus shedding and seroc...

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human inflammatory enteritis. During the course of human disease numerous proinflammatory cytokines are produced. Little is known, however, about the cytokine responses produced during the interaction of this bacterium with the avian host. Campylobacter has been considered a commensal of the avian host. Any differences in innate responses to this pathoge...

Viruses in avian hosts can pose threats to avian health and some have zoonotic potential. Hospitals that provide veterinary care for avian patients may serve as a site of exposure of other birds and human staff in the facility to these viruses. They can also provide a useful location to collect samples from avian patients in order to examine the viruses present in wild birds. This study aimed t...

H6N1 influenza A is an avian virus but in 2013 infected a human in Taiwan. We studied the phylogeography of avian origin H6N1 viruses in the Influenza Research Database and the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data EpiFlu Database in order to characterize their recent evolutionary spread. Our results suggest that the H6N1 virus that infected a human in Taiwan is derived from a diver...

In the early twentieth century, the anatomical nomenclature of the avian telencephalon (cerebrum) was developed on the basis of flawed assumptions about homology to mammals. The classic terminology implied that the majority of the avian telencephalon was basically composed of nuclei forming massive basal ganglia which controlled only simple, unlearned behavior. Later research revealed that this...

Calls of avian predators potentially predict danger for murine rodents. Indeed, exposure of field-experienced rodents to owl calls induces defensive behavior suggesting that recognition of vocalizations of avian predators is innate. To address this hypothesis, we investigated whether laboratory-reared and predator-naive rodents (mice, gerbils, rats) express defensive behavior in response to cal...