Here, we report the complete genome sequences of four coxsackievirus A16 strains isolated from four children with severe hand, foot, and mouth disease. Three of them were assigned to subgenotype B1b based on phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene, and the other one belonged to subgenotype B1a.

BACKGROUND Diamagnetic levitation is a technique that uses a strong, spatially varying magnetic field to simulate an altered gravity environment, as in space. In this study, using Streptomyces avermitilis as the test organism, we investigate whether changes in magnetic field and altered gravity induce changes in morphology and secondary metabolism. We find that a strong magnetic field (12T) inh...

Most microbial secondary metabolites are producec as complexes of closely related compoundsby theii producing organisms. The avermectins1*, milbemycins2 and nemadectins3~5) are typical examples produced ii such a manner. The milbemyciif complex is known t( consist of more than twenty components6 ~ 8), however only a few are commercial products. A rationale for thii phenomenon may be related to ...

1. Ivermectin belongs to the macrocyclic lactone class of endectocides and consists of a mixture of two homologous compounds, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (H2B1a, not less than 80%) and 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (H2B1b, not more than 20%). Avermectins are potent anthelmintic, insecticidal and acaracidal compounds which, by increasing the membrane permeability to chloride ions, mediate the para...

T cell-independent antibody responses develop rapidly, within 3 to 4 days, and are critical for preventing blood-borne pathogens from evolving into life-threatening infections. The interaction of BAFF, also known as BLyS, with its receptors BAFFR and TACI on B cells is critical for B cell homeostasis and function. Using a synthetic polysaccharide antigen, it has previously been shown that TACI ...

GABA(B) receptors are the G-protein-coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA(B) receptors are promising drug targets for a wide spectrum of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Receptor subtypes exhibit no pharmacological differences and are based on the subunit isoforms GABA(B1a) and GABA(B1b). GABA(B1a) differs from GABA(...

Ivermectin (MK-0933, 22, 23-dihydroderivative of amvermectin B1) is a synthetic derivative of a broadspectrum antiparasitic class of macro cyclic lactones known as avermectins. Avermectin B was first isolated by fermentation of a soil microorganism, the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin has a structure similar to that of macrolide antibiotics, but without antibacterial activity ...