in Temporal Difference Learning Frédérick Garcia and Florent Serre Abstract. TD( ) is an algorithm that learns the value function associated to a policy in a Markov Decision Process (MDP). We propose in this paper an asymptotic approximation of online TD( ) with accumulating eligibility trace, called ATD( ). We then use the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) method to analyse ATD( ) and to op...

Peripheral serotonin (5-hydrodytryptamine; 5-HT) is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation, whereas centrally it plays a role in mood regulation. A dysfunctional serotonergic system may provide a plausible link between functional dyspepsia symptoms and its high psychosocial comorbidity such as anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effec...

Between 1988 and 1994, data from 3 large sites revealed a 3-5 fold increase in the prevalence of antidepressant (ATD) treatment for U.S. youths aged 2-19 years. In 1994, the ATD prevalence for youths of this age ranged from 13 per 1000 (in the HMO) to 18 per 1000 (in 2 state Medicaid systems). Males predominated in the 10-14-year-olds treated with ATDs, whereas females predominated among 15-19-...

BACKGROUND Several screening studies have indicated an increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD) among individuals with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD), but estimates have varied substantially. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CD in patients with ATD. METHOD A systematic review was conducted of articles published in PubMed Medline or EMBASE until September...

Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adjust behavior to changes in the environment or task conditions. Previous research suggested that serotonin (5-HT) is involved in cognitive flexibility. Disturbed 5-HT functioning in animals, psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers leads to more rigid behavior. A well recognized method to manipulate levels of brain 5-HT is acute tryptophan depletion ...

Following the FDA black box warning in 2004, substantial reductions in antidepressant (ATD) use were observed within 2 years in children and adolescents in several countries. However, whether these reductions were sustained is not known. The objective of this study was to assess more recent trends in ATD use in youth (0-19 years) for the calendar years 2005/6-2012 using data extracted from regi...

A series of sled tests was performed using the Q3S anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and the ECE R44 sled buck to study CRS and pediatric occupant kinematics in far-side impacts. Using one model of convertible child restraint system (CRS), tests were performed using a 24 km/hr, 20 g pulse to compare ATD and CRS response to lateral loading in both forward-facing (FF) and rearward-facing (RF) con...

Fast excitatory neurotransmission is mediated largely by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), tetrameric, ligand-gated ion channel proteins comprised of three subfamilies, AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors, with each subfamily sharing a common, modular-domain architecture. For all receptor subfamilies, active channels are exclusively formed by assemblages of subunits within the same subfamil...

A significant obstacle to developing high performance Deep Learning algorithms for Automated Threat Detection (ATD) in security X-ray imagery, is the difficulty of obtaining large training datasets. In our previous work, we circumvented this problem for ATD in cargo containers, using Threat Image Projection and data augmentation. In this work, we investigate whether data scarcity for other moda...

PURPOSE To measure the upper and lower tear menisci in patients with aqueous tear deficiency (ATD) dry eye by real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to determine the most effective meniscus variables for the diagnosis of dry eye. METHODS Eyes of 48 pre-screened ATD patients were compared with those of 47 healthy subjects. Upper and lower tear menisci were imaged simultaneously by re...