Any study of standards is complicated by the existence of numerous meanings of the term, which are often used virtually interchangeably. A few of these uses are most relevant to this book. It appears that the term fi rst came into general use in English at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. According to a contemporary observer, Richard of Hexham ([1138] 1988, 67), in this battle between the En...

ABSTRACT In 1829 James Dunlop published the first southern double star catalogue of some 253 stars. The accuracy this has been determined by using Aladin to cross-match them with Gaia DR2 and estimate their positional (right ascension, declination, position angle, separation) magnitude accuracy. Seven per cent could not be identified 14 were single We found 13 stars (5 cent) currently listed in...