The observed increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the industrial era is less than 40% of that expected from observed increases in long-lived greenhouse gases together with the best-estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity given by the 2007 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Possible reasons for this warming discrepancy are systematically exami...

with the establishment of modern bureaucracy in iran, it was expected that the administrative system would find a logical order based on legal rationality. this not only proved to be far from the case, but the administrative system showed an unfortunate return to its previous status as well. the efforts made to improve the system have only aggravated the situation. the first question addressed ...

Image formation with partially coherent radiation is evaluated with the Hopkins formula and then applied to x-ray microscopy. Image characteristics expected from instruments with circular and annular pupils in partially coherent conditions are considered for two-point objects and a knife-edge object. The theoretically expected values for image characteristics that are easy accessible by an expe...