Here is Danto’s gallery of indiscernibles thought experiment (Danto, 1981, p.1)—a thought experiment that radically transformed the kind of questions aesthetics and the philosophy of art asks today. Imagine a gallery of indiscernible canvases that are all monochrome red of the same shade and of the same size. While the observable properties of all these artworks are the same, their “meaning” an...

In classical Arthur-Merlin games, the class of languages whose membership proofs can be verified by Arthur using logarithmic space (AM(log-space)) coincides with the class P [Con89]. In this note, we show that if Arthur has a fixed-size quantum register (the size of the register does not depend on the length of the input) instead of another source of random bits, membership in any language in N...

■ Abstract Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our c...

In the previous lesson, we looked into the example of an electrical network and showed that a simple local policy for an agent, in our case an electron, can lead to the optimization of a large distributed problem which is the minimization of energy loss in the network. In this lesson, we consider a road traffic model to demonstrate that choosing local policies is not trivial and how potential w...

Similarity is a focal idea in cognitive theory. It is used to help explain conceptual structure, transfer of learning, generalization, and other basic phenomena. Despite its importance no satisfactory process model for similarity has yet been proposed. Previous work has generally assumed that similarity requires a simple measurement of mental distance or a straightforward count of matching and ...

Roger A. Nicoll Stuart L. Pimm Yeshayau Pocker Dennis A. Powers Ralph S. Quatrano V. Ramanathan Douglas C. Rees T. M. Rice David C. Rubie Erkki Ruoslahti Gottfried Schatz Jozef Schell Ronald H. Schwartz Terrence J. Sejnowski Ellen Solomon Thomas A. Steitz Michael P. Stryker Robert T. N. Tjian Emil R. Unanue Geerat J. Vermeij Bert Vogelstein Harold Weintraub Arthur Weiss Zena Werb George M. Whit...