In a recent paper in this journal, Spence et al. (2013) sought to identify the ecological causes of morphological evolution in three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, by examining phenotypic and environmental variation between populations on the island of North Uist, Scotland. However, by using simple qualitative assessments of phenotype and inappropriate measures of environmental var...

ions of scenarios in which the concrete behaviour of persons within a system, or using a system, is described (Cockburn, 2001; Fowler, 2000). A use case model contains, among other things, use cases, actors, and relationships (Armour & Miller, 78 R. Koper et al.

abstract the concept of armouring is used to discuss the coarse surface layer in rivers. selective erosion in an alluvial channel reach for which there is no upstream sediment supply can lead to formation of a layer coarser than the under laying material. this phenomenon inhibits sediment transport from the reach.numerical modeling of armouring river bed, provides an approach to simulation of t...

From the numerical point of view, the complexity of the fluid dynamic processes involved has so far hindered the direct application of Navier-Stokes equations within the armour blocks, due to the complex geometry and the presence of strongly non stationary flows, free boundaries and turbulence. In the present work the most recent CFD technology is used to provide a new and more reliable approac...

The purpose of this paper is to describe two cases of a hitherto unknown syndrome superficially resembling myotonia. Detailed studies have helped to separate this syndrome of continuous musclefibre activity from a group of 100 myotonic subjects, and it will be referred to in this paper as the 'syndrome of continuous muscle-fibre activity'. This descriptive label has been chosen, though the more...