BACKGROUND Noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) now regularly produces atomic-resolution images on a wide range of surfaces, and has demonstrated the capability for atomic manipulation solely using chemical forces. Nonetheless, the role of the tip apex in both imaging and manipulation remains poorly understood and is an active area of research both experimentally and theoretically. Recen...

The development of the root apex is determined by progress of cells from the meristematic region to the successive post-mitotic developmental zones for transition, cell elongation and final cell differentiation. We addressed root development, tissue architecture and root developmental zonation by means of light-sheet microscopic imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing END BINDING p...

How instructive signals are translated into robust and predictable changes in growth is a central question in developmental biology. Recently, much interest has centered on the feedback between chemical instructions and mechanical changes for pattern formation in development. In plants, the patterned arrangement of aerial organs, or phyllotaxis, is instructed by the phytohormone auxin; however,...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoattenuated foci in the otic capsule are routinely identified on multidetector CT (MDCT), particularly in pediatric patients. We aimed to describe and characterize the hypoattenuated focus in the anterior otic capsule. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first reviewed histologic sections of the temporal bone from 8-month-old fetuses to determine the nature of the hypoattenuate...

introduction: the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (smarpex and novapex) in detecting apical perforation. materials and methods: after access cavity preparations, the working length was determined by the first examiner before and after perforation with a stereomicroscope by introducing a k-file size 10 into the canal and size 25 k-file up to the per...

introduction: open-apex teeth with irreversible pulpitis require complex and difficult treatment. providing the right environment for apexogenesis and pulp protection is vital for their long term prognosis. the young pulp of open apex tooth, however, is better equipped against irritation and assault. the aim of this study was to evaluate pulp inflammation in open apex canine teeth of cats. mate...