A simulation tool called HYDRA to optimize individual hydrogen infrastructure layouts is presented. The different electrolyzer technologies, namely proton exchange membrane electrolysis, anion alkaline and solid oxide as well storage possibilities are described in more detail evaluated. To illustrate the application opportunities of HYDRA, three project examples discussed. include central decen...

Despite early reports, dating back three quarters of a century, of high total CO(2) concentrations in the intestinal fluids of marine teleost fishes, only the past decade has provided some insight into the functional significance of this phenomenon. It is now being recognized that intestinal anion exchange is responsible for high luminal HCO(3)(-) and CO(3)(2-) concentrations while at the same ...

Low-temperature water electrolysis using an anion conductive polymer electrolyte has several potential advantages over other technologies, however, the fabrication of durable alkaline electrodes remains a challenge. Detachment catalysts results in loss electrochemical surface area. Simple mixtures ionomer and catalyst can suffer from poor adhesion because only physical is used to bind component...

Diffusion dialysis (DD) employing anion exchange membranes (AEMs) presents an attractive opportunity for acid recovery from acidic wastewater. However, challenges exist to make highly permeable AEMs due their low coefficient (Uacid). Here, a series of porous and fabricated based on chloromethyl polyethersulfone (CMPES) membrane substrate with crosslinking quaternization treatments is reported. ...

When human erythrocytes are suspended in low-Cl- media (with sucrose replacing Cl-), there is a large increase in both the net efflux and permeability of K+. A substantial portion (greater than 70% with Cl- less than 12.5 mM) of this K+ efflux is inhibited by the anion exchange inhibitor DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid). This inhibition cannot be explained as an effect of...

Membrane potential and the rate constants for anion self-exchange in dog, cat, and human red blood cells have been shown to vary with cell volume. For dog and cat red cells, the outward rate constants for SO4 and Cl increase while the inward rate constant for SO4 decreases as cells swell or shrink. These changes coincide with the membrane potential becoming more negative as a result of changes ...

Anion exchange contributes significantly to intestinal Cl(-) absorption in marine teleost fish and is thus vital for successful osmoregulation. This anion exchange process leads to high luminal HCO(3)(-) concentrations (up to approximately 100 mmol l(-1)) and high pH and results in the formation of CaCO(3) precipitates in the intestinal lumen. Recent advances in our understanding of the transpo...

Lithium influx into human erythrocytes increased 12-fold, when chloride was replaced with bicarbonate in a 150 mM lithium medium (38 degrees C. pH 7.4). The increase was linearly related to both lithium- and bicarbonate concentration, and was completely eliminated by the amino reagent 4, 4'- diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). DIDS binds to an integral membrane protein (mol wt a...