It is proposed here that basic Farsi intonation structure consists of three levels, in increasing hierarchical order: the Accentual Phrase (AP), the intermediate phrase (ip), and the Intonation Phrase (IP). The end of the AP is often marked by a high tone, Ha, and rarely a low tone, La (La occurs vacuously utterance finally, marked by L-L%. In this paper, this type of La is not labeled). An AP ...

Two studies documented the American English usage frequencies for ninety-seven nouns that occur with sentence complements (e.g., "rumor," "The rumor that the student cheated..."). An established usage preference methodology was used (see Connine, Ferreira, Jones, Clifton, & Frazier, 1984; Kennison, 1999). In Study 1, participants completed short fragments that did not contain the overt compleme...

ever since alexander emerged in the history of iran, his being greek or iranian has been a matter of dispute. the subject has later entered the discussions over alexander’s identity as ruler, governor, explorer, adventurer, etc. even these days disputes over his existence or his territory exist. a purely historical study on the subject should be based on documents. yet since a great part of wri...

This paper proposes a prosodic structure and the tonal pattern of Georgian, the national language of Georgia. The language has three prosodic units above the Word: Intonation Phrase (IP), Intermediate Phrase (ip), and Accentual Phrase (AP). All these units are marked by a boundary tone, but an AP in Georgian is unique typologically in that it has pitch accent linked to a stressed syllable and p...

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) face unique challenges since it must achieve a double bottom line— outreach and sustainability. So is microfinance worthwhile or worthless? The proper performance measurement framework here is a better way to judge this than a simple measure of numbers. This paper seeks to present, to MFIs, a new rigorous performance measurement framework that incorporates the b...