This article describes a new model for urban planning in ancient and preindustrial cities that moves beyond the traditional simplistic dichotomy of planned versus organic cities. The model has two components: coordination of buildings and spaces, and standardization among cities. A variety of coordinated arrangements of buildings reflect urban planning, including simple coordination, formality ...

the importance of zagros forests and interdependence of local communities to forest resources have led to complexity of its management. the role of local communities and investigating their relations toward implementation of natural resources co-management are undeniable. social network analysis (sna) approach is a new method which illustrates relations among local beneficiaries and has importa...

Although there is no consensus on the definition of the peri-urban interface, there is growing recognition among development professionals and institutions that rural and urban features tend increasingly to co-exist within cities and beyond their limits. There is also recognition that the urban–rural dichotomy that is deeply ingrained in planning systems is inadequate for dealing with processes...

The majority of the world’s citizens now live in cities. Although urban planning can thus be thought of as a field with significant ramifications on the human condition, many practitioners feel that it has reached the crossroads in thought leadership between traditional practice and a new, more participatory and open approach. Conventional ways to engage people in participatory planning exercis...

environmental impacts, pollutants, occupational stresses, population density, and health and safety problems are side effects of rapid urbanization. these problems threaten human being, especially children as the prominent vulnerable group in every human settlement. in this article playground as one of the main urban spaces has been emphasized. safety ignorance can affect on community in both o...