C omplex derivatives have become accepted instruments to tailor risk coverage for risk managers and investors. Barrier-type options have become important instruments, particularly for the valuation of structured products (see Banks [1994]). They are also widely used in currency markets. The holder of a barrier option acquires option coverage on only a subset of the risky outcomes for which a pl...

The USA’s federally funded Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has largely been successful in restoring many critical ecosystem functions to millions of acres through the conversion of vulnerable croplands to diverse perennial plant communities—primarily to perennial grass and forb plantings. CRP contracts, however, on as much as 6.5 million hectares (ha) are now expiring. Aside from leaving the...

We use a notion of stochastic time, here called volatility time, to show convexity of option prices in the underlying asset if the contract function is convex as well as continuity and monotonicity of the option price in the volatility.

different areas of modern financial tools and processes activities contain the matters like innovations in financial tools engineering and risk management. derivatives and especially stock exchange option is part of this innovation. among all numerical procedures in calculating the value of derivatives and the risk sensitivity parameters of option, binomial models are widely used. in this stud...

the condition is related to future and occurrence or undertaking decline depends upon it. not only that matters which aresigned in the contract are necessary to fulfill,but some matters requires approval by both parties according tonorms, situations and rules. predeterminedconditions are examined deeply in imamiyeh jurisprudence and they have to be discussed to evaluate the contractin advance. ...