The real closed valuation rings, i.e., convex subrings of real closed fields, form a proper subclass of the class of real closed domains. It is shown how one can recognize whether a real closed domain is a valuation ring. This leads to a characterization of the totally ordered domains whose real closure is a valuation ring. Real closures of totally ordered factor rings of coordinate rings of re...

This paper deals with representation and solution of asymmetric decision problems. We describe a new graphical representation called sequential valuation networks, which is a hybrid of Covaliu and Oliver’s sequential decision diagrams and Shenoy’s asymmetric valuation networks. Sequential valuation networks inherit many of the strengths of sequential decision diagrams and asymmetric valuation n...

This work attempts to measure the direction and size of misrepresentation in the answers to referendum type contingent valuation (CV). In a laboratory experiment simulating a simple public project, participants are asked to reveal, by means of a CV procedure, their induced Willingness To Pay (WTP) for this project. The results of the experiment indicate that, at least in a symmetric environment...

Compound real options are combinations of real options, where an exercise of a real option opens another real option. Compound real options are commonly found in a number of industrial projects, but are especially relevant in, e.g., research and development (R&D) where the R&D projects give the real option to research further, or to start the implementation of the results. Valuation of compound...

We survey and extend recent work on integrally closed overrings of two-dimensional Noetherian domains, where such overrings are viewed as intersections of valuation overrings. Of particular interest are the cases where the domain can be represented uniquely by an irredundant intersection of valuation rings, and when the valuation rings can be chosen from a Noetherian subspace of the Zariski-Rie...

There are numerous reasons to apply the cost approach to the valuation of an intangible asset. Before applying this valuation approach, the valuation analyst should be familiar with the generally accepted cost approach methods and procedures. In addition, the valuation analyst should have sufficient data to measure (1) the intangible asset cost components and (2) the intangible asset obsolescen...

Valuation networks have been proposed as graphical representations of valuation-based systems (VBSs). The VBS framework is able to capture many uncertainty calculi including probability theory, Dempster-Shafer’s belief-function theory, Spohn’s epistemic belief theory, and Zadeh’s possibility theory. In this paper, we show how valuation networks encode conditional independence relations. For the...

Proposition algebra is based on Hoare’s conditional connective, which is a ternary connective comparable to if-then-else and used in the setting of propositional logic. Conditional statements are provided with a simple semantics that is based on evaluation trees and that characterizes so-called free valuation congruence: two conditional statements are free valuation congruent if, and only if, t...

Let D be a division ring with centre K and dim, D< ? a valuation on K and v a noninvariant extension of ? to D. We define the initial ramfication index of v over ?, ?(v/ ?) .Let A be a valuation ring of o with maximal ideal m, and v , v ,…, v noninvariant extensions of w to D with valuation rings A , A ,…, A . If B= A , it is shown that the following conditions are equivalent: (i) B i...

this paper examines the accuracy of valuation models in providing reasonable estimation of the market values of listed companies in tehran stock exchange (tse). six valuation models including gordon growth model, two stage dividend discount model, adjusted present value, price to earning ratio and residual income were examined in this study. in addition, three proxies represent the market value...