Abstract Declines in cognitive functioning with increased age, on average and individually, is well documented demonstrated to be related genetics a variety of life course risk factors, many which are modifiable. Related population aging the phenomenon Flynn effect, finding increasing test scores across successive cohorts young adults (e.g., 1987). This cohort effect has been repeatedly observe...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The decline in fertility rates and the increase in life expectancy have changed the demographic structure of many countries substantially and entail long-term economic implications too. Population aging has adverse effects on countries' economies, especially with respect to the social security system and the welfare structure. METHODS Given the importance of the phenome...

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