the safavid dynasty was the first iranian centralized administration, which chose shia’a branch of islam as the official religion and the judicial system for iran. in safavi period the state officially established two separate and distinct court system. first the state courts (the urf courts) under the supervision of the secular minister of justice (divan-begi) and the secondly the islamic cour...

She is one of a series of lecturers for the Seventh International Speakers Consortium, and her talk, sponsored by the BSU Criminal Justice Administration Program and the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, is presented as part of the BSU Criminal Justices Speakers Series. For further information about Van Ruijven's lecture, contact Ted Hopfenbeck at 385-3249 or Bob Marsh at 385-3243.

The operation of criminal justice systems (broadly the police, the courts and corrections) is a complex and expensive process. Management of these systems depends on some knowledge of the longterm and cross-system impacts of policy changes across the system. Simulation models are valuable tools in the administration of criminal justice systems, providing the ability to project the relative effe...

The author highlights the importance of emotions in all ethical reflections. He describes the most common positions of ethicists employing duties and rights as the basis for ethical thought. The author, goes to Freudian theory as viewed by the utilitarians, stating that the 'quest for pleasure' is not necessarily egocentric, especially for adults. For example, the feeling of solidarity emerges ...

The above approaches certainly have their place but also have their limitations. The repeated invocation of archival material tends to create an impression that ethical edicts are merely of historical significance and are irrelevant today. Some of the historical texts on medical ethics are based on morality, at times even bordering on the spiritual or the religious. This could be a hindrance to...

1 Intelligent Interactive Distributed Systems Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1081A, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 Computer and Law Institute Faculty of Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3 The Center for Law, Public Administration and Informatization Faculty of Law, Tilburg University Warandelaan 2, 5000...

the aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of retinopathy of permaturity (rop) and to evaluate possible neonatal risk factors for rop. the main study was a cross-sectional study including 150 high-risk neonates born at teaching hospitals of tehran universities referring to to farabi eye hospital. the chossing critertia were birth weight less than 2500 g or gestational age younger than ...

Preoperative planning of any surgical procedure, especially rhinoplasty, is crucial in order to achieve an optimal outcome which will satisfy both the surgeon and patient. Use of imaging and the possibility of virtually displaying the changes planned by the surgeon definitely lead to a better understanding between doctor and patient. Although these new technologies have led to undeniable advant...

The duty to obtain consent from a litigant before beginning a forensic evaluation has fallen to the forensic psychologist. Guidelines, ethical standards, and commentators have made this assumed duty mandatory. Unfortunately, psychologists are not able to provide accurate and detailed legal information concerning the forensic evaluation. Only a person trained in the law would be qualified, and t...