abstract background: adjacent treatment fields are commonly used in external beam radiation therapy, such as mantle and inverted-y fields for the treatment of hodgkin’s disease and craniospinal fields used in the treatment of medulloblastoma and head and neck tumors when the lateral neck fields are placed adjacent to the anterior supraclavicular field. in each of these situations, there is a po...

Cold rolling process is a complicated process which can be optimized by changing in variables and settings. This paper presents a set-up optimization system developed to calculate reductions and inter-stand tensions for each stand of a five stand tandem cold mill. The main objective in this optimization is minimization of power consumption. First, by using the analytical method, the equations ...

We examined fine-scale genetic structure of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) in an old-growth stand and an adjacent seedling population, with the goal of detecting the effects of fragmentation. Three hundred and six old-growth trees and 195 naturally regenerating seedlings were genotyped at 5 microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity was similar across old-growth life stages and within the cle...

Though the adjacent matrix is a representation of a topology, it does not tell the topological structures explicitly. A visualization tool which can represent topological structures explicitly is desired for model validation or measurements comparison. However, displaying nodes and links directly in a space as a routine is ineffective for massive topologies, like that of Internet. Instead, rese...

Native species are generally thought not to encroach on adjacent natural forest without human intervention. However, the phenomenon that native moso bamboo may encroach on surrounding natural forests by itself occurred in China. To certificate this encroaching process, we employed the transition front approach to monitor the native moso bamboo population dynamics in native Chinese fir and everg...

OBJECT This in vitro experimental study was conducted to investigate the initial biomechanical effect of artificial intervertebral disc replacement in the cervical spine. The multidirectional flexibility of replaced and adjacent spinal segments were analyzed using a cadaveric cervical spine model. METHODS The following three cervical reconstructions were sequentially performed at the C5-6 lev...

Damage to residual stand is unavoidable and it is one of the main important issues in the forest harvesting. Trees damage may occur in felling and skidding work phase or during skid trail construction. In any case, damage can be very serious to residual stand. Detailed study is necessary to find out the amount and severity of damage to trees; therefore district 14 of Kilesara in Guilan Province...

he meeting of forest and field is an ecotone--the juxtaposition of two structurally and compositionally different ecosystems. Ecotones exist at several spatial scales, ranging from local-scale edges between patches of different habitat o continental-scale transitions between major biomes. The transitions between adjacent ecosystems may be gradual or abrupt. So-called inherent edges occur as a r...

Recently two large wildfires (around the towns of Knysna in 2017 and George 2018) jointly burnt over 80 000 ha southern Cape, South Africa. Here, patches closed-canopy Afrotemperate forest occur within a matrix fire-prone (native) fynbos shrublands or adjacent to commercial plantations invasive alien Pinus trees (a transformed state). We compared distances that fire penetrated into margins thos...