always on kingdom history of the world a king without a crown is unconceivable. the persian kings were not exception of this rule. iranian ancient kings crown as one of the aspects of the monarchy and power, the image of king while makes he distinguishes from other persons is visible in various artistic works. one of the important artistic works that image of iran’s kings with their power symbo...

This paper explores the ambiguous Persian Achaemenid attitude towards horse and lion. It examines way these animals appear in imperial official presentations, local artifacts throughout empire Greek textual representations. In case of stallion, it looks at imagery riding or place society religion alongside employment steeds chariots. Images lion are addressed instances where appears to be respe...

on the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of achaemenid empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to achaemenids at the given region. in the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from e...