Hussein Hollands, MD, MS (epid) Peter J. Kertes, MD, CM, FRCS(C) The purpose of this review article is to outline a few concepts that are useful for interpreting the results of a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Specifically, we will focus on measures of the size of a treatment effect— relative risk ratio (RRR), absolute risk ratio, and number needed to treat (NNT). These concepts are important...

When individual variables were subjected to logistic regression, male sex, age, blood pressure, smoking status, and cholesterol concentrations were all significant predictors of heart disease but when corrected for the Framingham risk score no single factor remained predictive on its own. The figure shows the number of coronary events predicted by the Framingham model and the number observed du...

fault tree analysis (fta) as a probabilistic risk assessment (pra) method is used to identify basic causes leading to an undesired event, to represent logical relation of these basic causes in leading to the event, and finally to calculate the probability of occurrence of this event. to conduct a quantitative fta, one needs a fault tree along with failure data of the basic events (bes). someti...

OBJECTIVE To describe, and to test against trial data, a simple and flexible computer program for calculating cardiovascular risk in individual patients as an aid to managing risk factors and prescribing drugs to lower cholesterol concentration and blood pressure. DESIGN Descriptive comparison of actual cardiovascular risk in randomised controlled trials of cholesterol reduction with risk pre...

OBJECTIVES In many current guidelines, blood pressure (BP)-lowering drug treatment for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is based on absolute risk. However, in clinical practice, therapeutic decisions are often based on BP levels alone. We sought to investigate which approach was superior by conducting a post hoc analysis of the Australian National Blood Pressure (ANBP) cohort,...

BACKGROUND Many clinical guidelines have adopted a multifactorial cardiovascular risk assessment to identify high-risk individuals for treatment. The Framingham risk chart is a widely used risk engine to calculate the absolute cardiovascular risk of an individual. Cost-effective analyses are typically used to evaluate therapeutic strategies, but it is more problematic for a clinician when faced...

in this paper, we consider portfolio selection problem in which security returns are regarded as fuzzy variables rather than random variables. we first introduce a concept of absolute deviation for fuzzy variables and prove some useful properties, which imply that absolute deviation may be used to measure risk well. then we propose two mean-absolute deviation models by defining risk as abs...

abstract aims: health, safety and environment is an integrated and convergence system and also a synergistic arrangement of human resources, facilities and equipment. this study aimed to determine the relationship of safety climate and perception of risk with the awareness level of hse management system among oil refineries employees. instrument & methods: this cross-sectional study was perform...