The following article is a literature review of supraphysiologic doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). This article contains a brief review of the history of AAS, the chemistry of the varying forms of AAS, and proposed mechanisms of action. The article then focuses on how AAS are used in an illicit manner by the general population. Terms such as "stacking" and "pyramiding" are discussed....

BACKGROUND Asian Americans (AAs) and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHs/PIs) are the fastest growing segments of the US population. However, their population sizes are small, and thus AAs and NHs/PIs are often aggregated into a single racial/ethnic group or omitted from research and health statistics. The groups' substance use disorders (SUDs) and treatment needs have been under-recognized...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 1. What Are Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids (AAS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 2. Limitations of Research on the Effects of AAS in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Rats were injected subcutaneously with a5S042and [I-t4Clascorbic acid. A compound was isolated from rat liver and spleen which had chromatographic properties identical to synthetic ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS). This compound gave a positive methanolic FeCla reaction, contained radioactive sulfur, and on hydrolysis it degraded to ~sSO42 and il~C]ascorbic acid. The isolated compound possessed id...

BACKGROUND African American (AA) women are diagnosed with more advanced breast cancers and have worse survival than white women, but a comprehensive understanding of the basis for this disparity remains unclear. Analysis of DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that can regulate gene expression, could help to explain racial differences in breast tumor clinical biology and outcomes. METHODS...

BACKGROUND The role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in African Americans (AAs) is unclear. We compared the diagnostic accuracy for CVD prevalence using the CAC score and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in an adult population of AAs. METHODS CAC was measured in 2944 participants AAs. Approximately 8% of this cohort had known CVD define...

DNA adducts are considered an integrate measure of carcinogen exposure and the initial step of carcinogenesis. Their levels in more accessible peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) mirror that in the bladder tissue. In this study we explore whether the formation of PBL DNA adducts may be associated with bladder cancer (BC) risk, and how this relationship is modulated by genetic polymorphisms, env...

This study compared exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) between African Americans (AAs, n=16) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs, n=16), and examined the potential influence of physical activity (PA) on the racial/ethnic difference in EIH. The PA levels were quantified using a questionnaire, and intensity of electrical stimulus to produce moderate pain was individually determined. Participants squeez...

Direct measurement of lead and cadmium in blood and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with deuterium background correction (D2-AAS) is prone to severe matrix and spectral interferences. We overcame these effects by coating the L'vov platform with ammonium molybdate, reducing the atomization time, introducing a post-atomization cooling step, carefully selecting ashing and at...