Introduction: Dental radiography as one of the most frequent type of radiological examinations is accepted for medical investigations due to their significant benefits nevertheless using ionizing radiation. It has lower radiation dose compared to another radiological examination but because of its high application for children, radiation dose needs attention. Based on affectin...

background: in conventional radiation therapy, regarding normal tissue tolerance, the treatment of bulk tumors is one of the remaining challenges. grid radiation therapy (grt) is a technique to deliver high doses, approximately 15 – 20 gy per fraction, to several small volumes located in a large radiation field. this can be performed using a grid block. the current work has concentrated on the ...

the geometry of a collector is one of the important factors that can increase the incident radiation on the collector surface. in the present study, the incident radiation for a stationary collector with cone geometry, i.e. a conical collector, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. this type of collector is always stable and does not need a fixture to install. moreover, it has a sym...

The Casimir effect is considered for a wedge with opening angle α, with perfectly conducting walls, when the interior region is filled with an isotropic and nondispersive medium with permittivity ǫ and permeability μ. The electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor in the bulk is calculated, together with the surface stress on the walls. A discussion is given on the possibilities for measuring the i...

The flow of magnetic charge carriers (dubbed magnetic monopoles) through frustrated spin ice lattices, governed simply by Coulombic forces, represents a new direction in electromagnetism. Artificial spin ice nanoarrays realise this effect at room temperature, where the magnetic charge is carried by domain walls. Control of domain wall path is one important element of utilizing this new medium. ...

This is a review of the experimental data concerning the spectrum, arrival distribution and composition of cosmic rays with energies ≥ 10 eV. Before the experimental review I briefly discuss the conditions for the production followed by a review of the propagation of cosmic rays. Then follows a discussion of the properties of the showers produced by the primary cosmic ray particles and a descri...

Radiation-induced normal tissue lesions, once seen as a consequence of loss of proliferative integrity of clonogenic target cells, inevitable and untreatable are now viewed as a result of dynamic interactions between multiple cell lines within a particular tissue that can be intervened. Normal tissue damage is the most important limiting factor in radiotherapy and a major component in the medic...