Enzymatic synthesis of palm oil esters (POE) was carried out via alcoholysis of palm oil (PO) and oleyl alcohol (OA) catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM. The optimum reaction conditions were: temperature: 60 °C; enzyme load: 24.7 wt%; substrate ratio: 1:3 (PO/OA), impeller speed: 275 rpm and reaction time: 3 h. At the optimum condition, the conversion of POE was 79.54%. Reusability study showed that Li...

Biodiesel was prepared from Citrullus colocynthis oil (CCO) via a two-step process. The first esterification step was explored in two ionic liquids (ILs) with 1,3-disulfonic acid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (DSIMHSO4) and 3-methyl-1-sulfonic acid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (MSIMHSO4). Both ILs appeared to be good candidates to replace hazardous acidic catalyst due to their exceptional proper...

The limitation of fossil fuel sources and negative environmental impact persuade scientists around the world to find a solution. One possible solution is by using renewable replace with an inexpensive, fast, effective production process. objective this study investigate biodiesel from crude Reutealis trisperma oil conventional ultrasonic bath stirrer method through esterification transesterific...

sucrose concentration of 60 g/l. Lower amounts of citric acids were found to be produced with other speeds (250-310 rpm).The oxygen flow rate of 1.0 lpm was observed to he most favorable flow rate giving maximum amount of Citric acid (26.6 g/l) with initial sucrose concentration of (60 g/l).. Lower Citric acids were found to be produced with other flow rates (1.5-2.5 lpm).