Contrary to the expected XX/XY sex chromosome complements in hermaphroditism, a variety of karyotypes have been reported instead. Dewhurst et al. (1965) summarized from published reports the karyotypic findings in 27 patients with convincing evidence ofhermaphroditism, as follows: 46,XX (17); 46,XY (2); 46,XX/47,XXX (1); 46,XX/46,XX + Frag (1); 46,XX/46,XY (3); 46,XX/47,XXY/ 49,XXYYY (1); 46,XX...

Mutations in the gene SOX9 result in the syndrome of campomelic dysplasia (CD) which includes sex-reversal in 75% of 46,XY affected individuals. These mutations only affect a single allele of SOX9 suggesting a dominant mode of inheritance for this syndrome. Consequently, CD and autosomal sex reversal may result from haploinsufficiency of SOX9. The SOX9 gene maps to the long arm of human chromos...

The belief that Homo sapiens is absolutely dimorphic with the respect to sex chromosome composition, gonadal structure, hormone levels, and the structure of the internal genital duct systems and external genitalia, derives from the platonic ideal that for each sex there is a single, universally correct developmental pathway and outcome. We surveyed the medical literature from 1955 to the presen...

In many cases of callosal dysgenesis in both human patients and mouse models, misguided fibers from the cortex form abnormal bilateral, barrel-shaped structures known as Probst bundles. Because little is known about how axons are arranged within these anomalous fiber bundles, understanding this arrangement may provide structural and molecular insights into how axons behave when they are misguid...

17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17-OHD), a rare autosomal recessive defect in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis, causes absence of secondary sexual characteristics and frequently associated with hypertension and hypokalemia. Here, we report a 46,XY case who had normal potassium levels and no hypertension. Our patient was a 2.5-year-old female admitted with female external genitalia and...

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder occurring in phenotypic women with male genotype (46, XY) resulting due to mutation the X chromosome. On other hand, tuberculosis (TB) chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus. We report case of 22-year-old unmarried female presenting bilateral inguinal pain and primary...

Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1, officially NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor involved in adrenal and gonadal development. NR5A1 mutations have been identified in patients with various forms of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD), including complete gonadal dysgenesis with or without adrenal insufficiency, mild testicular dysgenesis with ambiguous external genitalia or female external genitalia wit...

Male sex determination in humans is controlled by the SRY gene, which encodes a transcriptional regulator containing a conserved high mobility group box domain (HMG-box) required for DNA binding. Mutations in the SRY HMG-box affect protein function, causing sex reversal phenotypes. In the present study, we describe a 19-year-old female presenting 46,XY karyotype with hypogonadism and primary am...

and [[xy]z] + [[yz]x] + [[zx]y] = 0. Left multiplication in a Lie algebra is denoted by ad(x): ad(x)(y) = [x, y]. An associative algebra A becomes a Lie algebra A− under the product, [xy] = xy − yx. The first axiom implies that [xy] = −[yx] and the second (called the Jacobi identity) implies that x 7→ adx is a homomorphism of L into the Lie algebra (EndL)−, that is, ad [xy] = [adx, ad y]. Assum...