Objective(s): Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting from inflammatory destruction of islets β-cells. Nowadays, progress in cell therapy, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proposes numerous potential remedies for T1D. We aimed to investigate the combination therapeutic effect of these cells with insulin and metformin on neuropeptide Y, melanoco...

background: the fc receptor like (fcrl) molecules belong to the immunoglobulin (ig) superfamily with potentially immunoregulatoryfunction. among the fcrl family fcrl2 and 4 are predominantly expressed on memory b cells and fcrl1 is a pan- b cell marker. to date, noligand has been identifid for the human fcrl1, 2 and 4 molecules.objectives: cloning, expression, purifiation and structural analysi...

signaling amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), an energy sensing enzyme, has been implicated in controlling inflammation. in this study we investigated whether activation of ampk by metformin could protect the lung from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced acute injury by inhibitingng tlr4 pathway. male wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6): control group received normal saline (0.5...

in the development of neuroinflammatory diseases, alterations of the blood brain barrier (bbb) represent key events. the integrity of the bbb is partially maintained by endothelia cells (ecs), since they actively limit the transmigration of immune cells. however, the factors that cause endothelial cells to develop an immune cell-permissive phenotype are poorly understood. in general, it has bee...

background: toll like receptors (tlrs) are well recognized players in inflammatory conditions. among them tlr-4 is involved in chronic inflammatory processes such as formation of atherosclerotic plaques. objective: the present study was aimed to examine the effects of percutanoeus coronary intervention (pci) as a revascularization method on monocyte expression of htlr-4 and on the serum levels ...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a t cell mediated autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. appropriate ms therapeutic strategies need thorough understanding of both disease etiology and pathogenesis mechanisms. ligation of tlr-2 and tlr-4 stimulates the production of several cytokines leading to cns autoimmunity and neurodegenerative diseases. objective: to find a relationship between m...

conclusions tlr8 rs3764880 and tlr9 rs148805533 polymorphisms may not be risk factors for susceptibility to tuberculosis in a sample of iranian population. larger studies are required to validate our findings. results the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the tlr8 rs3764880 did not differ significantly between ptb and the controls. no significant difference was found between the groups regar...

Calcitonin (CT) and adrenomedullin (ADM) are members of the CT family. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a prohormone CT. Elevations in serum PCT ADM levels associated with severe sepsis coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). enhances mortality it binds to CGRP receptor, which heterodimer receptor-like receptor activity-modifying protein 1. The N-terminal truncated form PCT, PCT3-116, produced by cleavage d...