The family Picornaviridae consists of a large group of plus-strand RNA viruses that share a similar genome organization. The nomenclature of the picornavirus proteins is based on their position in the viral RNA genome but does not necessarily imply a conserved function of proteins of different genera. The enterovirus 2B protein is a small hydrophobic protein that, upon individual expression, is...

Unique among the known plant and animal viral suppressors of RNA silencing, the 2b protein interacts directly with both small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) and AGO4 proteins and is targeted to the nucleolus. However, it is largely unknown which regions of the 111-residue 2b protein determine these biochemical properties and how they contribute to its diverse silencing suppressor...

Using a transient plant system, it was previously found that the suppression of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein relies on its double-strand (ds) RNA binding capacity, but it is independent of its interaction with ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins. Thus, the biological meaning of the 2b-AGO interaction in the context of virus infection remains elusive. In this study, we created infectious clones o...

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 2B is characterized by mutations causing enhanced binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to platelets. Bleeding tendency is associated with heterogeneous clinical manifestations, including moderate to severe thrombocytopenia. The underlying mechanism of the thrombocytopenia has remained unclear. Here, a mouse model of VWD type 2B was used to investigate pathway...

Enterovirus nonstructural 2B protein is involved in cell membrane permeabilization during late viral infection. Here we analyze the pore forming activity of poliovirus 2B and several of its variants. Solubilization of 2B protein was achieved by generating a fusion protein comprised of poliovirus 2B attached to a maltose-binding protein (MBP) as an N-terminal solubilization partner. MBP-2B was a...

If A2r, B2J, and the turbulent portion of the signal is of relatively low frequency, i.e., T2-T1, the autocorrelation appears as in figure 2b. If the two time scales are not readily apparent, as in figure 2b, T0 is the correct turbulent scale and the function's width is determined on the axis at point P. The pattern in figure 2b is differentiated from that of figure lb, which has no information...

OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms by which blockade of adenosine A(2B) receptors (A(2B)Rs) reduces insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated the effects of deleting or blocking the A(2B)R on insulin sensitivity using glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in mouse models of type 2 diabetes. The effects of diabetes on A(2B)R transcriptio...

A 71-year-old Chinese male was referred for severe dry eyes who suffered from multiple corneal melting ulcers and underwent a long-term and high-dosage interferon alpha-2b (INFα-2b) treatment for multiple myeloma (MM). The patient was diagnosed to have MM 12 years ago, and since then INFα-2b (3-million units, intramuscularly, three times a week) was prescribed until the present. Two years ago, ...

A KEY FACET of ‘‘More than Moore’’ scaling comes under the heading of ‘‘3D’’ the stacking of multiple integrated-circuit dies using through-silicon vias (TSVs). Stacked-die products reached the marketplace decades ago, but with peripheral I/O on individual dies and interchip interconnect on the ‘‘side’’ of the stack. TSVs are a game changer, with diameters and pitches that permit thousands of t...