The concept of 'obstetrical medicine' was established in the late 19th century, but overshadowed during most of the 20th century by dramatic improvements in surgical, anesthetic, antimicrobial therapeutics, and obstetrical methods and practice. During the last quarter of the 20th century the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality increasingly became pre-existing hereditable and acquired med...

INTRODUCTION WE are moving beyond the 20th century era of mass production and mass consumption and are beginning to seek out new society for the 21st century. The 20th century is characterized by Taylor’s scientific management and mechanization of production, which has established methodologies of “logical analysis” and “adoption of IT.” However, the shift from “capital” to “knowledge” as the c...

The recent increase in inequality in the U.S. and other developed countries has stimulated debate among economists. This debate is best exemplified by Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the twenty-first century and his critics. Taking aside the predictions for the future and the role that capital gains play in this debate, a deeper question is: what is a “normal” level of inequality in historical term...

The recent increase in inequality in the U.S. and other developed countries has stimulated debate among economists. This debate is best exemplified by Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the twenty-first century and his critics. Taking aside the predictions for the future and the role that capital gains play in this debate, a deeper question is: what is a “normal” level of inequality in historical term...

It is quite fitting for a symposium reviewing progress in infant nutrition in the 20th century to start with a review of infant mortality rates during that time period. Indeed, it has been a truism in public health that, within limits, the infant mortality rate of any community, large or small, reflected its general state of health better than any other single indicator. Although no longer vali...