purpose: the sport anxiety scale-2 (sas-2) is a tool by which we can measure the level of trait competitive anxiety. the original form included 15 questions and three subscales included: somatic, worry, and concentration distraction. the aim of this study was to examine of validity and reliability of persian version of sport anxiety scale-2 in children and teenager athletes. methodology: 358 qu...

the main purpose of this research was to identify differences in the ferdowsi university of mashhad managers' leadership styles based on their philosophical mindedness. the research method was quantitative, non-experimental, explanatory, cross-sectional. 88 university managers completed and returned two questionnaires assessing their leadership styles and philosophical mindedness. the results s...

The Neolithic was marked by a transition from small and relatively egalitarian groups to much larger groups with increased stratification. But, the dynamics of this remain poorly understood. It is hard to see how despotism can arise without coercion, yet coercion could not easily have occurred in an egalitarian setting. Using a quantitative model of evolution in a patch-structured population, w...

There is a trend in health systems around the world to place great emphasis on and faith in improving 'leadership'. Leadership has been defined in many ways and the elitist implications of traditional notions of leadership sit uncomfortably with modern healthcare organisations. The concept of distributed leadership incorporates inclusivity, collectiveness and collaboration, with the result that...

In two studies, the relationship between adolescent athletes’ skill development and perceived coach behavior as well as motivation climate was investigated. In Study 1, 119 (61 male, 58 female) competitive swimmers from various clubs with a mean age of 12.5 years responded twice with a one year interval to the Leadership Scale for Sports and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionn...