Let C be a curve of genus 2 and ψ1 : C −→ E1 a map of degree n, from C to an elliptic curve E1, both curves defined over C. This map induces a degree n map φ1 : P 1 −→ P 1 which we call a Frey-Kani covering. We determine all possible ramifications for φ1. If ψ1 : C −→ E1 is maximal then there exists a maximal map ψ2 : C −→ E2, of degree n, to some elliptic curve E2 such that there is an isogeny...

Global average sea surface temperature (SST) from 40øS to 60øN fluctuates ñ0.3øC on interannual period scales, with global warming (cooling) during E1 Nifio (La Nifia). About 90% of the global warming during E1 Nifio occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20øS to 20øN, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with E1 Nifio and the other half because of warm SST a...

BACKGROUND SC-E1 is a novel herbal formula consisting of five oriental medicinal herbs used frequently in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in Korea. This study examined the effects of SC-E1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and the molecular mechanism involved. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of the SC-E1 extract was evaluated in RAW 264.7 c...

We performed protein pKa calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the calcium pump (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA)) in complex with phospholamban (PLB). X-ray crystallography studies have suggested that PLB locks SERCA in a low-Ca(2+)-affinity E2 state that is incompatible with metal-ion binding, thereby blocking the conversion toward a high-Ca(2+)-affinity E1 state...

Environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a growing concern as studies reveal their persistence and detrimental effects on wildlife. Microorganisms are known to affect the transformation of steroid EDCs; however, the diversity of estrogen-degrading microorganisms and the range of transformations they mediate remain relatively little studied. In mesocosms, low concentrations of add...

Let e1, . . . , ek be complex n× n matrices such that eiej = −ejei whenever i 6= j. We conjecture that • rk(e21) + rk(e 2 2) + · · ·+ rk(e 2 k) ≤ O(n log n). We show that (i). rk(en1 ) + rk(e n 2 ) + · · ·+ rk(e n k ) ≤ O(n log n), (ii). if e21, . . . , e 2 k 6= 0 then k ≤ O(n), (iii). if e1, . . . , ek have full rank, or at least n−O(n/ log n), then k = O(log n). (i) implies that the conjectur...

CONSTANS (CO) has a central role in the photoperiod response mechanism in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of legume CO genes in controlling flowering remain unknown. Here, we analyze the expression patterns of E1, E2 and GmCOL1a/1b using near-isogenic lines (NILs), and we further analyze flowering-related genes in gmcol1b mutants and GmCOL1a-overexpressing plants. Our data showed that both ...

The combinatorial dimension relative to an arbitrary fractional Cartesian product is defined. Relations between dimensions in certain archetypal instances are derived. Random sets with arbitrarily prescribed dimensions are produced; in particular, scales of combinatorial dimension are shown to be continuously and independently calibrated. A combinatorial concept of cylindricity is key. © 2004 W...

introduction: the development of an effective vaccine against hepatitis c virus (hcv) is still a target of intensive vaccine research. the hcv envelope proteins e1 and e2 which can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies are the major candidate for this purpose. different types of expression systems have been used to express these glycoproteins. in this study, an expression system using pichia p...