This paper reports on the initial stages of an ongoing study of 19th century Wisconsin bank sources and uses of funds. Data on 19th century Wisconsin state, private, and national bank shareholders, and owners from 1860 through 1900 are used to explore the following questions: (1) Where did the equity capital invested in Wisconsin banks originate and how did this and other shareholder characteri...

Recently, a strict relationship was demonstrated between scientific pathology reports of the 19th century and a large number of specimens from the museum of pathology 'Cesare Taruffi' of Bologna. Such an experience suggested verifying whether a similar relationship exists between the 19th-century collections of the museum of anatomy and the contemporaneous anatomic scientific literature. The pu...

This paper applies Max Weber’s proposition regarding the differences between the ‘sciences’ to the ‘historicist controversy’: the problems emerging from opposing approaches to understanding the past. The historiography in question is the development of the ‘biomedical model’ of health and disease, and the rise of ‘medicine’ in the course of 19th century Europe and Britain. While Weber’s theoret...

Maxwell’s equations, formulated circa 1870, represent a fundamental unification of electric and magnetic fields predicting electromagnetic wave phenomena which Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman has called the most outstanding achievement of 19th-century science. Now, engineers and scientists worldwide use computers ranging from simple desktop machines to massively parallel arrays of processors to ...

The year 2012 marked the 100th anniversary of the death of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841-1912), a Norwegian physician known for his identification of Mycobacterium leprae as the causative agent of leprosy. In the second half of the 19th century, the medical community believed leprosy had a noninfectious etiology, and it was not until Hansen uncovered the relationship between M leprae and ...

In the field of natural and man-made disasters, fire has played a predominant role. A report is presented of fire disasters in the twentieth century, with a chronological analysis of different worldwide typologies.

Hybridization with introduced genetic resources is commonly practiced in ornamental plant breeding to introgress desired traits. The 19th century was a golden age for rose breeding in France. The objective here was to study the evolution of rose genetic diversity over this period, which included the introduction of Asian genotypes into Europe. A large sample of 1228 garden roses encompassing th...

Cathodic corrosion is an enigmatic electrochemical process that etches metallic electrodes at potentials below 0 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode. Although this phenomenon was discovered in late 1800s by Fritz Haber, it remained mostly unnoticed during 20th century and only attracted increased attention past decade. This recent has generated marked improvements both fundamental knowledge ...

Glaciers in the European Alps began to retreat abruptly from their mid-19th century maximum, marking what appeared to be the end of the Little Ice Age. Alpine temperature and precipitation records suggest that glaciers should instead have continued to grow until circa 1910. Radiative forcing by increasing deposition of industrial black carbon to snow may represent the driver of the abrupt glaci...