Several countries have conducted Internet voting trials in binding public elections over the past decade, including Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These trials have been conducted at the local and regional levels of government, targeting specific populations of voters. However, Estonia—a former Soviet republic and now a full member of the European Union—has advanced the...

New Zealand is a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral legislature. The country adopted a “mixed member proportional” voting system from 1993 that ushered in more frequent elections and coalition governments. The government in recent years has sought to address longstanding native Māori grievances, underpinned by recognition of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, signed by some Māori groups and th...

Central to all democratic systems is the ability of citizens to choose who holds executive power. To reduce the democratic-deficit in the EU, therefore, the Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties give the European Parliament (EP) a vote on the European Council nominee for Commission President. The effect, so many commentators claim, is a parliamentary model: where EP elections are connected via an E...

Mongolia is a landlocked central Asian country, bordered by the Russian Federation to the north and the People’s Republic of China to the south. It has a stable democratic parliamentary system, which is currently headed by the National Unity Government (1). The current President is Nambaryn Enkhbayar, a former Prime Minister and a chairman of the Parliament, who won presidential elections as a ...

Alós-Ferrer and Granić (2012) present results from two *eld experiments on electoral reform, which were carried out alongside o-cial state and federal elections in Germany, in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Electors who had voted in the o-cial elections, which used the mixed-member proportional representation (MMPR) system, were given the opportunity to vote in an experimental election using the ...