jurisprudence has been originated from the qur‘ān and ḥadīth and the narrational or ma’thūr jurisprudence has been the first jurisprudential style after the rise of islam, to such an extent that in the latter periods the expansion of this jurisprudence was intermingled with rational inferences and some issues that enjoyed more widespread aspects were accepted as rules. the rule of prohibition o...

the oldest works of muslim scholars in the fields of kalām , ḥadīth and tafsīr during the 2nd and 3rd centuries ah rarely offer an explicit basis for regarding the qur’ān as an inimitable miracle of the prophet. however, the issue appears fully fledged in the works of scholars such as al-bāqillānī, qāḍī ‘abd al-jabbār and al-sharīf al- murtaḍā. this silence in the early islamic centuries, when ...

among the most important differences between the sunnīs and shī‘as is the legal obligation of the circumambulation called ṭawāf al-nisā’ in the end of the ḥajj pilgrimage and the consequences of its non-performance. contrary to the shī‘as, the sunnīs’ jurisprudence the have opined the necessity of another circumambulation called ṭawāf al-widā‘ (farewell circumambulation) by putting aside ṭawāf ...

background & objectives: fasting in the month of ramadan has several positive effects on the emotional and mental state and improves happiness in the community. this study aimed to investigate the effects of fasting on the level of happiness in the general population. materials and methods: in this study, we used pretest-posttest analysis to evaluate the hypothesis, and the study population con...

miskawayh regards intellect as the essence and non-material substance of human soul and mentions “virtue” as the sovereignty of intellect over the faculties of the soul (nafs) and its actions, the resul of which is the freedom of intellect in dealing with theoretical contemplations and the outcome of these contemplations is “wisdom”, that is the “happiness” of the soul. therefore, happiness rel...

The issue of the entry Imāmite/Twelver Shīʿism into Iran is one most controversial issues in History Islamic Sects. According to established general opinion, it after Safavids that Shī’ite groups question became dominant thought Iran. Before, they were only a minority. However, this study reveals Imāmite was not minority be underestimated even before Safavids.
 introduction Imāmism/Twelve ...

I'm worried about my paper. " I had a 25-page seminar paper due in less than two weeks. I'd turned in an eight-page proposal, with an outline and an annotated bibliography, and it had been severely and accurately critiqued by the class the day before. It's spring semester, my first year in graduate school at Indiana University. I'd considered myself a poet—I was getting a Masters in Fine Arts—b...