Individual variation in gene expression is important for evolutionary adaptation1,2 and susceptibility to diseases and pathologies3,4. In this study, we address the functional importance of this variation by comparing cardiac metabolism to patterns of mRNA expression using microarrays. There is extensive variation in both cardiac metabolism and the expression of metabolic genes among individual...

The effectiveness of three immunostimulants viz., vitamin C, levamisole and chitin on the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity of haemolymph, response to challenge studies and growth performance of juveniles of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) was assessed by oral administration of these immunostimulants to the shrimps. The levels of incorporation of these immunostimulants in shrimp fe...

The expressions and activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) are altered during infection and inflammation. Inflammatory responses in the liver are mediated primarily by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-signaling, which involves recruitment of Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and TIR domain containing adaptor inducing inter...

The prevalence of asthma and other atopic disorders continues to increase worldwide. Examination of the epidemiologic patterns has revealed that this rise has occurred primarily in western, industrialised countries and countries transitioning to this lifestyle. While many changes have occurred in human populations over the years, it has been hypothesised that some of the relevant changes that h...

Recurrent pneumonia is a condition characterized by fever, infiltrative lesion and leukocytosis experienced at least twice in a year by the same patient. At least a one-month interval following the recovery between two episodes is necessary in order to distinguish slow-resolving pneumonias from this group (1). The most common causes in the unilateral liver lobe include foreign material aspirati...

So-called bottom-up fabrication methods aim to assemble and integrate molecular components exhibiting specific functions into electronic devices that are orders of magnitude smaller than can be fabricated by lithographic techniques. Fundamental to the success of the bottom-up approach is the ability to control electron transport across molecular components. Organic molecules containing redox ce...