The objectives of the studies were to determine if radiation and chlorine acted in a simple additive process or if a nonadditive increase in inactivation occurred when chlorination followed γ-irradiation both in vitro and in situ. Separate studies evaluated the effects of γ-irradiation (0.2 kGy at 20 ◦C), chlorination (0.5 ppm for 10 min), or irradiation followed by chlorination of Salmonella, ...

Chlorine is most readily available in the form of chloride of lime (bleaching powder), which can readily be obtained commercially. This, if freshly made, should contain 33 per cent, of free or active chlorine. It loses its efficacy on keeping, especially during hot weather; but this loss may be retarded by the addition of 25 per cent, of quicklime. Samples of the bleaching powder used should be...

Haloacetamides (HAcAms) are an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) of health concern. However, there are very limited data on the formation and speciation of the nine bromine- and chlorine-containing haloacetamides (HAcAm9). In the study, their formation and speciation during chlor(am)ination were investigated for a group of waters with a range of specific ultraviole...

The main kinetic aspects of the chlorination of tungsten minerals with chlorine and sulphur dioxide were analyzed from data obtained under non-isothermal conditions. The tungsten minerals studied were wolframite, scheelite and a scheelite-wolframite concentrate. The collected minerals were milled and then concentrated by means of gravity separation. Chlorinations were made in a vertical reactor...

In this study, the changes in UV absorbance of water samples were characterized using defined differential UV spectroscopy (DUV), a novel spectroscopic technique. Chlorination experiments were conducted with water samples from Terkos Lake (TL) and Büyükçekmece Lake (BL) (Istanbul, Turkey). The maximum loss of UV absorbance for chlorinated TL and BL raw water samples was observed at a wavelength...

Most of the 36 billion gal of treated sewage wastewater discharged daily into the environment in the United States is disinfected via chlorination. To minimize toxicity, dechlorination with sulfite or sulfur dioxide is often performed. Although dechlorination is considered instantaneous and complete, several studies have found residual toxicity of chlorinated/dechlorinated effluent to aquatic l...

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW), trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the cha...

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are widespread in the water cycle. Their levels disinfected waters usually low, as they may transform into CEC disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during processes or partially removed previous treatment steps. The occurrence DBPs real has been scarcely addressed, although their presence be relevance circular economy scenarios, and thus deserves further study ...

Most existing chlorine contact tanks suffer from serious drawbacks of dead spaces, short circuiting, and solids accumulations that subsequently putrefy and exert undue chlorine demand. Hydraulic model studies of chlorine contact tanks indicate that air agitated, baffled contact units have better flow characteristics than just baffled units or air agitated contact tanks without baffles. Air agit...