signaling amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), an energy sensing enzyme, has been implicated in controlling inflammation. in this study we investigated whether activation of ampk by metformin could protect the lung from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced acute injury by inhibitingng tlr4 pathway. male wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6): control group received normal saline (0.5...

Asp(299)Gly (D299G) and, to a lesser extent, Thr(399)Ile (T399I) TLR4 polymorphisms have been associated with gram-negative sepsis and other infectious diseases, but the mechanisms by which they affect TLR4 signaling are unclear. In this study, we determined the impact of the D299G and T399I polymorphisms on TLR4 expression, interactions with myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2), LPS binding,...

Neonatal maternal separation (MS) is a major early life stress that increases the risk of emotional disorders, visceral pain perception and other brain dysfunction. Elevation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) precipitates early life colorectal distension (CRD)-induced visceral hypersensitivity and pain in adulthood. The present study aimed to investig...

Endotoxin-mediated ileus is poorly understood. Our objective was to mechanistically investigate the role of cell-specific TLR4 expression/signaling in causing gastrointestinal dysmotility. TLR4 chimeras and CSF-1-dependent macrophage-deficient mice were subjected to i.p. ultrapure (UP)-LPS (5 mg/kg). At 6 h, gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit assessed in vivo motility, and jejunal ci...

objective(s): high mobility group box1 (hmgb1) is a nonhistone, dna-binding protein that serves a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and is involved in a variety of proinflammatory, extracellular activities. the aim of this study was to explore whether hmgb1 stimulation can up-regulate the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) on macrophages from p...

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development. However, the function and mechanism of circRNA pituitary tumor-transforming 1 interacting protein (circ- PTTG1IP) in RA unknown. The expression circ-PTTG1IP synovial tissues patients fibroblast-like synoviocytes from (RA-FLSs) were detected by RT-qPCR. results uncovered that was overexpressed RA-FLSs, knockdown suppr...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is important in promoting the immune response in various cancers. Recently, TLR4 is highly expressed in a stage-dependent manner in gastric cancer, but the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 expression has been not elucidated it. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying regulation of TLR4 expression through promoter methylation and histone modification between transc...

BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia-induced inflammation causes the dysfunction of blood vessels, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a key role in inflammation-induced angiogenesis. However, the impact of TLR4 on the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the expression of TLR4 in retinal vascular endothelial cells of patients with DR and diabetic mic...

asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease is considered to be the most common chronic disease that is involving genetic and environmental factors. toll like receptors (tlrs) and other inflammatory mediators are important in modulation of inflammation. in this study, we evaluated the role of tlr2 arg753gln and tlr4 asp299gly polymorphisms in the asthma susceptibility, progress, control lev...