An in vitro model of the human follicle associated epithelium (FAE) was characterized and the influence of nanoparticle properties on the transcellular transport across the in vitro model was investigated. The model was established by co-culturing Caco-2 and Raji cells, with Caco-2 cells alone as control. The conversion of Caco-2 cells to follicle associated epithelium (FAE) like cells was moni...

Peyer's patches (PPs), a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, serve as important antigen entry sites in mucosal immunity. PPs may play a role in the extension of ulcerative colitis (UC) into the terminal ileum. We sought to clarify the magnified endoscopic findings of the PPs in the terminal ileum of UC patients. Eighteen UC patients underwent magnifying chromoendoscopy before...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this research was to investigate the possibility of screening surface markers on rat intestinal mucosa microfold cells (M cells) by using laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with protein chip technology. METHODS We labeled rat intestinal mucosa microfold cells with Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA)-1 antibody and visualized these by immunofluorescence stainin...

BACKGROUND Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are a group of compounds which are currently under investigation as an oral treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. One of the suggested modes of action is the potential of FAE to exert a neuroprotective effect. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have investigated the impact of monomethylfumarate (MMF) and dimethylfumaric acid (DMF) on de- and...

Purpose Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a developmental disease characterized by behavioral problems and physical defects including malformations of the eye and associated optical defects. How these malformations affect retinal functioning is not well known, although animal models have suggested that scotopic vision is particularly deficient. Age is also known to affect scotopic visio...

BACKGROUND Although experienced clinicians have been diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) for nearly 30 years, the rest of the spectrum of fetal alcohol damage is not being classified effectively. This article describes a quantification of neuroanatomical structure that may supply a useful discriminator of prenatal brain damage from alcohol. It is demonstrated in a data set of adults of both...

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in many neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's as well as Huntington's disease. Inflammation and oxidative stress are also thought to promote tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent data point at an important role of anti-oxidative pathways for tissue protection in chronic-progressive...

BACKGROUND The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays a crucial role in transporting IgG and associated antigens across polarized epithelial barriers in mucosal immunity. However, it was not clear that FcRn expression in aggregated lymphoid nodules area (ALNA) in abomasum, a unique and important mucosal immune structure discovered only in Bactrian camels. In the present study, 27 Alashan Bactrian ca...

ABBREVIATIONS. FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; FAE, fetal alcohol effect. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity by Jones and Smith in 1973.' In their first reports, 2,3 all affected children had been born to severely alcoholic women, and had in common problems in three major categories: 1. prenatal and/or postnatal growth deficiency; 2. abnormal brain func...