Chemokines and chemokine receptors play a key role in the transmigration of leucocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CCR2 is the major receptor for CCL2, a potent monocyte and T cell chemoattractant. CCR2 and CCL2 have been consistently associated with a pathogenic role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, using knockout and transgenic mice, neutralizing antibodies, peptide ant...

CCL2 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2] contributes to the inflammation-induced neuropathic pain through activating VGSC (voltage-gated sodium channel)-mediated nerve impulse conduction, but the underlying mechanism is currently unknown. Our study aimed to investigate whether PKC (protein kinase C)-NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is involved in CCL2-induced regulation of voltage-gated sodium Nav1.8 cur...

Functional disorders of various immune cells have been reported in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Recently, distinct subsets of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) have been identified in hosts with enhanced or impaired cell-mediated immunity. In this study, therefore, plasma factors and PMN from HCC patients were immunobiologically investigated. Plasma neopterin and CCL17...

The aim of the present study was to determine the roles of the chemotactic factor, chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and its receptor, chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In total, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighting 250-300 g, were randomly divided into three groups (n=8): Sham-operated (C group), cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (...

Many inflammatory chemokines release from leukocytes and pancreatic acinar cells which play important roles in pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis (AP). Of interests, CXCL2 and CCL2 have been shown elevated in the plasma of patients with AP. We have recently found that Glycyrrhizin (GZ) attenuates AP in mice model. In this study, we aimed to investigate the direct effect of GZ on expression l...

CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an important chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages (Deshmane et al, 2009). CCL2 is the main ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR2, which mediates CCL2’s biological activity. CCR2 is a seven transmembrane spanning Gai protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) constitutively expressed at high levels on monocytes and macr...

Glioma cells in situ are surrounded by microglia, suggesting the potential of glioma-microglia interactions to produce various outcomes. As chemokines are important mediators of cell-cell communication, we sought first to identify commonly expressed chemokines in 16 human glioma lines. We found CCL2 (macrophage chemoattractant protein-1) messenger RNA to be expressed by the majority of glioma l...

PURPOSE To investigate the pro-inflammatory intracellular mechanisms induced by an in vitro model of dry eye disease (DED) on a Hela-modified conjunctiva-derived cells in hyperosmolarity (HO) stress conditions. This study focused on CCL2 induction and explored the implications of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear fa...

The human chemokine CCL2 gene was expressed in the yeast P.pastoris and gave rise to a mixture of differently glycosylated recombinant proteins. In comparison to non-glycosylated E.coli-derived CCL2, glycosylated yeast CCL2L was 4-20 times less active in a chemotactic assay in vitro. However, CCL2L could maintain full activity upon prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C, whereas the non-glycosyla...