David Lewis has long defended an analysis of counterfactuals in terms of comparative similarity of possible worlds.1 According to Lewis, a counterfactual of the form ̳If it were the case that A, then it would be that C‘ is (non-vacuously) true if and only if some world where A and C are both true is more similar to the actual world than any world where A is true and C is false. The purpose of th...

One of the objections against the thesis of underdetermination of theories by observations is that it is unintelligible. Any two empirically equivalent theories — so the argument goes — are in principle intertranslatable, hence cannot count as rivals in any non-trivial sense. Against that objection, this paper shows that empirically equivalent theories may contain theoretical sentences that are...

Interest in understanding the meaning of conscience and conscientious objection in medicine has recently emerged in the academic literature. We would like to contribute to this debate in four ways: (1) to underscore and challenge the existing hierarchy of conscientious objection in health care; (2) to highlight the importance of considering the lay public when discussing the role of conscientio...

We describe a significant practical consequence of taking anthropic biases into account in deriving predictions for rare stochastic catastrophic events. The risks associated with catastrophes such as asteroidal/cometary impacts, supervolcanic episodes, and explosions of supernovae/gamma-ray bursts are based on their observed frequencies. As a result, the frequencies of catastrophes that destroy...

Stephen Maitzen argues that divine command metaethics must be mistaken because it is committed to the implausible assumption sentence ‘God (morally) good’ a tautology. In this article, I show charitable interpretation of R. M. Adams’ version not accept assumption. conclude Maitzen’s objection merely manages refute strawman metaethics.

Photo by Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition on Unsplash INTRODUCTION Emergency contraception is formally recognized as the only effective way to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse World Organization.[1] The word emergency used due brief time during which it efficacious. It useful when administered within 72 hours of a encounter.[2] When pharmacists withhold contraception, they perma...

The paper analyzes conscientious objection by physicians, through the concrete situation of legal abortion in Brazil. It reviews the two main ethical frameworks about conscientious objection in public health, the incompatibility thesis and the integrity thesis, to analyze the reality of legal abortion services in the referral services of the Brazilian public health care system. From these two p...

The same-order representation theoryof consciousness holds that conscious mental states represent both the world and themselves. This complex representational structure is posited in part to avoid a powerful objection to the more traditional higher-order representation theory of consciousness. The objection contends that the higher-order theory fails to account for the intimate relationship tha...