BACKGROUND The variable antigen P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1) is a major virulence factor in malaria. A large number of var genes encode PfEMP1, and we hypothesized that a restricted PfEMP1 repertoire determines clinical disease presentation. We conducted a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and analyzed transcribed var genes in naturally infected children. METHODS...

Exercise [2.1.5] Let > 0 and pick K = K( ) finite such that if k ≥ K then r(k) ≤ . Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for Xi −EXi and Xj −EXj we have that Cov(Xi, Xj) ≤ [Var(Xi)Var(Xj)] ≤ r(0) <∞ for all i, j. Thus, breaking the double sum in Var(Sn) = ∑n i,j=1 Cov(Xi, Xj) into {(i, j) : |i − j| < K} and {(i, j) : |i− j| ≥ K} gives the bound Var(Sn) ≤ 2Knr(0) + n . Dividing by n we see that...

Value-at-risk (VaR) has become the standard criterion for assessing risk in the financial industry. Given the widespread usage of VaR, it becomes increasingly important to study the effects of VaR-based risk management on the prices of stocks and options. We solve a continuous-time asset pricing model, based on Lucas (1978) and Basak and Shapiro (2001), to investigate these effects. We find tha...

The importance of a gene's natural chromatin environment for its normal expression is poignantly illustrated when a change in chromosome position results in variable gene repression, such as is observed in position effect variegation (PEV) when the Drosophila melanogaster white (omega) gene is juxtaposed with heterochromatin. The Enhancer of variegation 3-9 [E(var)3-9] gene was one of over a hu...

Cowden syndrome (CS), a Mendelian autosomal-dominant disorder, predisposes to breast, thyroid and other cancers. Germline mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) have been recently reported in 23% of a large series of classic CS. Here, we validated our small (n = 10) pilot study in a large patient series that germline variations in succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx) occur in 8% (49...

Exercise [2.1.5] Let > 0 and pick K = K( ) finite such that if k ≥ K then r(k) ≤ . Applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for Xi −EXi and Xj −EXj we have that Cov(Xi, Xj) ≤ [Var(Xi)Var(Xj)] ≤ r(0) <∞ for all i, j. Thus, breaking the double sum in Var(Sn) = ∑n i,j=1 Cov(Xi, Xj) into {(i, j) : |i − j| < K} and {(i, j) : |i− j| ≥ K} gives the bound Var(Sn) ≤ 2Knr(0) + n . Dividing by n we see that...

Streptococcus faecium var. casseliflavus is a gram-positive, spherical cell. The cells occur chiefly as pairs within chains and elongate to ogive-shaped cells during growth. Growth is good on 5% bile salts-agar and in broth at 10 C, and in broth adjusted to pH 9.6 or containing 6.5% NaCl, but many strains fail to grow at 45 C. Litmus is reduced rapidly prior to formation of an acid curd. Few st...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the upgrade rate and delayed false-negative results of percutaneous vacuum-assisted removal (VAR) and surgical excision in women with imaging-histologic discordance during ultrasound (US)-guided automated core needle biopsy (CNB) of the breast and to validate the role of VAR as a rebiopsy method for these discordant lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Percutaneous US-guided 1...

Objectives: To survey time-related shifts in number of suicide-related events (SRE) during smoking cessation treatment with varenicline (VAR) in cases from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), as well as the characteristics of these shifts. Methods: We isolated cases from the FAERS database involving VAR usage where SRE was reported as an adverse e...